Definition and Example of a Markov Transition Matrix

Definition and Example of a Markov Transition Matrix A Markov progress grid is a square network depicting the probabilities of moving starting with one state then onto the next in a unique framework. In each line are the probabilities of moving from the state spoke to by that line, to different states. In this way the columns of a Markov progress framework each add to one. Once in a while such a lattice is signified something like Q(x | x) which can be comprehended along these lines: that Q is a network, x is the current state, x is a potential future state, and for any x and x in the model, the likelihood of going to x given that the current state is x, are in Q. Terms Related to Markov Transition Matrix Markov ProcessMarkov StrategyMarkovs Inequality Assets on Markov Transition Matrix What is Econometrics?How to Do a Painless Econometrics ProjectEconometrics Term Paper Suggestions Composing a Term Paper or High School/College Essay? Here are a couple of beginning stages for research on Markov Transition Matrix: Diary Articles on Markov Transition Matrix Assessing the Second Largest Eigenvalue of a Markov Transition MatrixEstimating a Markov Transition Matrix from Observational DataConvergence across Chinese areas: An investigation utilizing Markov progress grid

School Dress Code Essay Example For Students

School Dress Code Essay When pondering what a school uniform may resemble, Angus Young of AC/DC rings a bell. His uniform, or execution outfit, is that of an English student, wearing a suit type uniform with shorts rather than pants and an out of control golf players cap. A gathering of young ladies and young men all wearing a similar hued outfits amassed before the catholic school down the square is another image that rings a bell when pondering school regalia. The picture of school garbs has been connected to understudies of European and tuition based schools. Such pictures, of understudies dressing in school garbs, have prompted generalizing and a negative disposition towards schools authorizing a uniform strategy. Youngsters are introduced as robots without the capacity to communicate in a general public that advances self-articulation and singularity. The issue is that the expense of communicating and being an individual can be cosmic. It isn't exceptional to hear that a 15-year-old some place was ruthlessly ambushed for a couple of costly Nike shoes. This idea is straightforwardly corresponded to rivalry in design rather than scholastics in the educational system. In ongoing history state funded schools have believed outfits to be an old and to some degree draconian pattern, however as of late the commonplace government has endeavored to actualize and uphold a uniform arrangement in our government funded educational system. The usage of a school uniform strategy is significant and important to improve the understudies. The contentions against school outfits are blurring while defenders of regalia are starting to make strides. A portion of the key advantages are security, cost, and consistency. There are a few major issues that educational committee authorities and officials should take a gander at before actualizing new strategies and laws concerning school outfits. Initially, these new laws and approaches must positively affect the understudy populaces generally speaking good and consequently their presentation. This would not be constrained to scholarly exhibitions just yet ought to likewise incorporate other socially learned conduct including the understudies capacity to be steady with preset social standards, an aptitude important to be effective on the planet today. Defenders of regalia state that the scholarly exhibition has been expanding, and will increment further by having the understudies wear them. A diminished level of consideration and worry with design will empower a superior condition for progressively intensive examination, just as decrease the monetary weight set on understudies and guardians. Any circumstance that doesn't advance the improvement of understudies in school ought to be taken a gander at and concentrated to track down approaches to change the circumstance. There are no advantages to agonizing over not having the cash to purchase the most in vogue clothing. Would it not be smarter to be stressing over accomplishing the best grade, making the best science venture, or delivering an English task on schedule? The entire idea and intrigue of brand name apparel is so instilled into our shortsighted personalities, that it is unprecedented to perceive any understudy not wearing or conveying at any rate one bit of such product. There is no straight way through this issue, however it is conceivable to flank it. Giving a school rucksack, shoes and a cap would dispense with the understudies need to wear brand name attire or adornments of any sort. In any case, by doing this, we go over the issue of uniqueness, which is similarly as imperative to an understudies accomplishment in life as their investigation propensities. By offering a more extensive determination of school hues and styles, it is conceivable to take care of the requirement for uniqueness while simultaneously bearing them the chance to comply with the principles of the school. The expense of actualizing a uniform approach should likewise be taken a gander at intently. The social standard that all families have various degrees of monetary status expects us to address this issue. An understudy ailing in assets ought not be compelled to burn through the entirety of their cash on garbs so they could go to class, leaving them incapable to bear the cost of after school sports or get-togethers. It would absolutely be abominable if an understudy ought to need to cash on regalia instead of nutritious food. .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 , .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 .postImageUrl , .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 , .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939:hover , .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939:visited , .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939:active { border:0!important; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939:active , .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: re lative; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u019f f6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Of Mice And Men Essay There is a basic answer for this budgetary issue. Giving out outfits for nothing or at a sponsored .

Coworker Shenanigans

Coworker Shenanigans Today, I walked into my office (cup of iced tea in hand), logged onto my computer, took one look  at my Desktop background, and screamed WHAT IN THE HELL? Giggles floated across the hall from the other summer student office. About half an hour later, I found more pictures of Raphael: under my keyboard, behind my monitor, on the side of my computer. Raphael, whos in that other office, found a surprising picture of me under his keyboard as well. Jenn, the perpetrator, tells us that there are a lot more that we havent found yet. This is Revenge for yesterday. There was a July 4 party at my house, and all the other summer students came over.  The guest bedroom has a huge pile of cardboard boxes, and Raphael hid in the biggest one, on top of the bed. Heroically maintaining a straight face, I asked Jenn to go inside and get the sheet off the bed so that I could put it in the washing machine. When she tried to push the box out of the way, Raphael stuck his hand out and made a noise somewhere between an angry cat and a snake, and Jenn ran off screaming into the hallway. When she got her breath back, she vowed revenge. Tee hee. The company is one of the big plusses of a summer research program. On-campus research opportunities abound, but the company is largely the same company that I have during the school year. Here at the NRAO in Charlottesville, my coworkers are other astronomy/physics undergrads from all over the country. They go to school in Michigan, California, DC, down the street at Harvard; one drove the  2548 miles from Montana with an axe in the back seat, no GPS, a tent, two sleeping bags, and everything else one could possibly imagine needing to survive in the wilderness. During the school year, they fence, run track, run student organizations, sing a cappella, go camping, complete triathlons, swim, play basketball. Here in Charlottesville, we study deuteroammonia and formaldehyde in molecular clouds, Saturns moons, pulsars (YAY!), star formation tracers in the antennae galaxy, and more (its hard to keep track of what everyone is doing.) We spend most of the day sitting in front of our computers, but spice things up with (Scented) Candle Hour, coffee/tea breaks, snacktime, yoga, impromptu Epic Music sessions, and general merriment and shenanigans. We share a burning passionate love of Carl Sagan, which manifested itself in a Cosmos marathon and sleepover. When choosing a location, we considered a weighted sum of Size Of TV and Number Of Couches, and the NRAO headquarters (our office building) won by a long shot. So, yes we slept at work. A janitor judged us really hard when he saw us in our sleeping bags in the NRAO library. I tried to hug Carl Sagan, but ended up awkwardly covering his mouth.. The next morning, we piled into cars for a field trip to Green Bank, West Virginia: site of the worlds largest (and sexiest, to use the technical term) steerable land object. The Green Bank Telescope (GBT): The GBT is 500 feet high, and its dish is over 300 feet across. Radio waves from space bounce off the surface, and the feedhorn at the top funnels them down to the appropriate receivers. My pulsar data is collected by the GBT, so it took all my self-control not to fling myself onto the L-band feedhorn. Oh, wait. It is a beautiful thing to touch the structure that collects your data. We werent allowed to walk on the dish, unfortunately, but we WERE allowed to crouch down and touch it with our fingers. We also got to wear sweet construction hats, which was definitely one of the trip highlights. Tomorrow, were going on an adventure.  At the crack of dawn, well embark on a scenic drive through Shenandoah National Park, hike up to a summit, camp overnight, drive to Harrisonburg and eat Ethiopian food, drive to Americas Oldest Show Cave and climb around, then head back to Charlottesville, assuming none of us have been eaten by black bears. If that happens, then: its been real, everyone. Next week, well all get on a plane and fly to New Mexico, where well reduce some EVLA and VLBA data of pulsar winds and star-forming regions. Its hectic and a little chaotic and sometimes frustrating to make plans with 15 people involved, but always always fun, because everyone here has a seemingly-inexhaustible sense of humor and energy supply. Also, were astronomers, so conversation never dies because theres always space to talk about. Right now, Adrian in the corner is talking with his mentor. Nick has some very colorful Amp vs. UVDist plots on his screen. Raphael is rolling around in his chair, and Jenn fiddling with a highlighter. The problem with good company is that its a little bit distracting I really need to get back to work.

An Inside Look at Sports Psychology - 1715 Words

Introduction Sports psychology is the scientific study of human behaviour and mental processes while participating in sport (Robert Weinberg, 2010.). Academic sports psychology looks at the factors that affect participation and performance in sport. Areas that are covered in the academic research and theory are the person’s personality, attitudes, anxiety, stress and motivation (class notes, 2014). After carefully analysing the five forces of sports psychology (psychodynamic, behaviourism, cognition, humanist and Nero linguistic processing) the athlete or coach will be given additional ways to recognise either their own or others behaviour, understanding and rethinking their own or others action and perceptions. Psychodynamic: This is†¦show more content†¦There are two types of condition for behaviourism. Classical- This associates a particular event or activity with another event or activity. Operate- This is the completion of doing some and being rewarded for it or to avoid discipline. Event: As a second year sports student I participated in playing soccer for the college. My aim was to try and do my best and show the coach how well I could play. I applied for the sports scholarship with hope of maybe being awarded it. I went to every training session and match and gave 100 percent commitment to the team. On one of the match days we had a very strong team playing and give our best shot to win it. During the match the opposite team were getting very frustrated as we were beating them 2 nil. Behind the referees back one of the players turned around and shoved me to the ground. The referee did not see any of it happening so nothing was done about it. When I tried to react to the stimulus response she ended up worse and I was sent off. As a result of this it was taken intoShow MoreRelatedThe Best Training Techniques For Athletes920 Words   |  4 Pagesthem. In the book, Psychology of Sports, written by Dorcas Susan Butt mentions techniques to help an athlete do well in a s port. The best training techniques for an athlete to do well in a sport are positive thinking, relaxation, and visual motor behavioral rehearsal. For an athlete to do well, they should always think positive. Positive thinking helps the athlete perform better because the outcome will be positive. Dorcas Susan Butt is very knowledgeable in Sports psychology. As she points outRead MorePerceptual Illusions Essay1099 Words   |  5 Pagesconfusing. These illusions have a distinct manner of confusing our normal perceptual processes. The Muller-Lyer Illusion and the Ponzo Illusion may be the two most commonly studied perceptual illusions in psychology. Stephen R. Jackson states in his Feb. 2000 article in Journal of Experimental Psychology that appropriate indications such as linear perspective and relative size can exert a powerful effect on the perception of objects. The illusory effects such as those of the Muller-Lyer and Ponzo illusionsRead MorePhysical Education Reflection Essay804 Words   |  4 Pageschemistry of glycolysis, the physics of movement, energy; kinesiology. Heck, they should call it: Sports and Running Time-Filler class. That’s what it should really be called. Anyway, back to topic—I excitedly strode to my favorite class, English! In English, Mr. Hernandez—my eccentric, politically opinionated English teacher—told us we are going to put Shakespeare on hold and start our last unit: Psychology. No more Shakespeare?! How I must lament! For I fear I will lose another lover, but not a manRead MoreEssay on Analysis of an Xterra Advertisement1227 Words   |  5 Pagesthat the only enemy of the Nissan Xterra sports utility vehicle is the â€Å"fluffy cushions† of a sofa. How could an automobile maker get consumers to believe that two inanimate objects are natural enemies? Moreover, is that really what Nissan wants consumers to believe so consumers will buy the Xterra truck? This advertisement is in the October, 2000 Backpacker magazine and takes up two full pages. The advertisement is for the new Nissan Xterra sport utility vehicle. This advertisement consistsRead MoreNotes On The Coping Process1470 Words   |  6 PagesJustin Willms Psychology of Human Relations Friday 12/18/15 Term Paper The Coping Process Throughout my entire life I have been dealing with stress even when I have tried to avoid it. Stress always manages to find it’s way to you, and you either can ignore what is causing you stress, or find a method to deal with your stressor head on. When I was younger, about thirteen or so my parents got divorced. I didn’t know how to accept the fact that my parents would no longer be living under the same roofRead MoreTraining Methods For The Olympics1451 Words   |  6 Pageshave quickly gain back popularity after resuming in 1896 in Athens, Greece, and has been a very anticipated event occurring every four years (Ancient Olympics: History). This has allowed athletes to have the opportunity to look forward and prepare for one of the most important sport competitions in history, as many others have done hundreds of years ago. When getting ready for the Olympic Games, training methods such as, athletic, weight, and mental training are used to prepare athletes for better performanceRead MoreThe Importance Of Knowledge Program836 Words   |  4 PagesSoutheast Asian students. This celebration, along with Nuestros Logros, Lavender Graduation, and Umoja, offers an opportunity for underrepresented students to celebrate their accomplishments and graduation. Sport Club Leadership Series The Competitive Sports Program continued to educate Sport Club officers in the areas of financial management, alumni engagement, career preparation, hazing precautions, and community involvement. New this year was a workshop designed to help club officers identifyRead MoreStereotyping: The Nature of Prejudice1539 Words   |  7 Pagesracism, stereotypes, and inequity. One organization of determinants we can name is the ones connected to the way we intellectually compute data. In general, these methods bring to reasoning’s towards other individuals, reasoning’s that do not take inside the differentness of the person. Preparing decisions towards people placed on their affiliation in an organization entrusts, principally, on observing that there are organizations. â€Å"Sorting people into categories has long been related to stereotypingRead MoreApplied Psychology2564 Words   |  11 PagesApplied psychology Liza Knepper 6/1/2012 The many different areas of applied psychology are found in every aspect of our lives from home to work; from our families to our friends it’s on the city street and in the red barn on the farm. Applied psychology has played a major role in our lives and is very important to the understanding of all psychology from the way we work to the way we sleep and is a large part of everything. â€Æ' Understand Our World of Applied psychology Introduction ARead MoreBeauty Pageants: Right or Wrong? Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pagesviewed or lived like. There are many different types of beauty pageants in today’s society. The ages range from three weeks old to eighteen years old. Beauty pageants make up a good part in our life, because we are always judging on looks and not what’s on the inside. Media outlets are continuously on these topics, also. â€Å"Television is peppered with reality shows that feature pint-sized beauty queens decked out in pricy gowns, full make up, and big hair.† (psychologytoday.com) We are completely

Characteristics Of The Classical Era Of Music - 729 Words

Ludwig Van Beethoven was recognized as a great composer in western music. Beethoven was also known for creating the bridge between the classical and romantic era of music. He is known for doing this because he took key aspects of the classical era and merged them with key aspects of the romantic era. The classical era of music dates from 1775-1825. The classical music era had a lighter and more clear texture (Kamien 161). The music from this era was mainly homophonic meaning that the music had one part or melody that dominated all other parts or melodies (Kamien 160). Classical era music also really focused on; how graceful and beautiful the melody and the form were, proportion and balance, moderation, and control. The music was†¦show more content†¦While most composers worked for dignity, Beethoven did not feel the need to. He could compose on his own time and sell a work when he needed or wanted money. Beethoven had the honor of having an extensive influence. He earned his title as one of the greatest composers of his time because of his ability to bridge the classic era of music to the romantic era of music. At the start of his musical career, Beethoven was considered an exceptional pianist, not a great composer. In 1798 Beethoven noticed that he had started to become deaf. He would spend the following thirty years writing and composing music with major hearing loss. From his mid-twenties to about three months before his death, Beethoven did not stop composing and writing music. Beethoven drew his musical inspiration from many sources. Beethoven also created the bridge between the classical and romantic periods. Most of his work didn’t completely fit into any one period’s characteristics. If you listen to Beethoven’s compositions as he progressed as a composer, they could be divided into three periods. The first is commonly known as his imitation period, the period when he took the styles, mechanics, and techniques of other composers. He mimicked; Bach, Haden, as well as Mozart. Next, he had the period of externalization, a time when he developed his own style and reveled in it. Thirdly heShow MoreRelatedThe Realm Of Classical Music1297 Words   |  6 PagesThe realm of classical music is a relatively veiled in the sphere of popular culture, but if you take the time to scour through the beautiful, sometimes hundreds of years old pieces, you will be surprised by the magnificence and allure that the classical music genre can offer. There are three categories of classical music that can be observed throughout the extensive universe of classical pieces, absolute music, program music, and characteristic music or character pieces. Absolute music is primarilyRead MoreBeethovens Sixth Symphony1173 Words   |  5 Pagessixth symphony (also known as the pastoral symphony) has qualities of both the classical and romantic periods and illustrates Beethoven’s revolutionary ideas as well as highlights his classical influences. The programmatic nature of the piece is the dominant romantic feature although the use of brass and percussion as well as the dramatic dynamic changes are also characteristics from this era. However there are many classical influences in Beethoven’s work such as the balanced phrasing, the dominanceRead MoreThe Era Of The Baroque Era937 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Greenberg (2009), the Baroque era is estimated to be the time period spanning from 1600 until 1750. The year of Sebastian Bach’s death, 1750 which is notably and associatively used as a timeline reference that ends this overly extravagant period of creativity. This timespan became an era of expressive exuber ance of primal human emotions as secularization, the study of scientific reasoning and intellectual rationale characterized the societal environment. Religion no longer dominatedRead MoreThe History of Music Styles1362 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: A study of the history of music styles brings to the fore two distinct periods, Baroque and Classical. The purpose of this essay is to provide a comparison between the two musical eras through the exploration of two different composers and their works, namely Antonio Vivaldi and his Four Seasons ‘Spring’ in the maximized Baroque era and the minimalist approaches of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s Symphony. Moreover this essay will review the unique social, cultural, technological an musicalRead MoreThe Roots Of Sonata847 Words   |  4 Pagesor known as first movement appeared in the early 17th century, when instrumental music began to separate instrument or composition of the piece from vocal music. ‘Sonata means a work to be played, which is derived from the Italian word suonare. At first, Sonata form is made for dance movements and used as a church music, but eventually this form changed and became really popular among composers of classical music from the 1 7th century until the early 20th century. Sonata itself consists of threeRead MoreThe Classical Music And Jazz1544 Words   |  7 PagesSeptember 2015 Classical music and Jazz What people come up with when they hear the words â€Å"classical music† is a big concert hall, while what people come up with is a small bar or something when they hear â€Å"jazz†. It seems they are different as they are named differently, but are they really different? Also, given that the mainstream in the music industry is popular music, both classical music and jazz are not appreciated by many people, but how have these two music survived up until todayRead MoreThe Creation Of A New Medium : The String Quartet882 Words   |  4 PagesFranz Joseph Haydn was an essential creator in the genres of classical music, and he played a huge role in influencing other great composers. Hayden was known for â€Å"The Creation of a new medium: the string Quartet† (Burrows 102), and the evolution of the Classical Era. At eight years old, Franz Joseph Haydn sang in the choir at St. Stephen s Cathedral in Vienna. While at St. Stephen’s Cathedral, Hayden learned to play the violin and keyboard. Later after leaving the choir he studied counterpointRead MoreClassical Music and The Era of Symphonies729 Words   |  3 PagesIn the classical era Symphony was the time when live concert where perform more often. The concerts that during the past millennium, classical music has been created by some of the musical mind the world has ever seen with Beethoven, Mozart and many more. The wide of Range of genres that these great artist composers, including orchestral, instrumental, choral and opera. The era’s the music used the two theory of natural and pleasing variety and The two ideas that can be traced in all the elementsRead MoreClassical And Romantic Eras Of Music1268 Words   |  6 Pagesthe changes in the environment in which the music evolves from. Both the Classical and Romantic eras of music offer influential aspects of music. In order for significant and noticeable changes to occur in music, the society surrounding it must also change . Significant social and political movements often bring on these stylistic changes in music. These changes can range from the way personality is expressed in music to the actual orchestration of the music. Without these changes though, culture wouldRead MoreThe Baroque Era of Music Essay515 Words   |  3 PagesThe Baroque period of music lasted from approximately 1600 – 1750 AD. It falls into the Common Practice period and was the most predominant style of writing after the Renaissance period and before the Classical period (the Classical period uses many elements from the Baroque period). The word Baroque means highly decorated and essentially gives us an insight into what the music of the time was like. Many pieces in the Baroque style have three or four different parts which work together to produce

The Secrets of Essay Topics on Female Genital Mutitlation Revealed

The Secrets of Essay Topics on Female Genital Mutitlation Revealed Essay Topics on Female Genital Mutitlation - the Story So long as it concerns religion and traditions, everything looks fine with this kind of a surgery. With a suitable strategy, motivation and devotion of time, you will be sure to succeed! The tradition is supposed to have started before the coming of either Christianity or Islam. It is sometimes erroneously referred to as circumcision. To adequately be addressing this type of violence, one needs to be addressing cultural factors that are encouraging violence as part of the masculinity. In traditional patriarchal societies, the use of the man is to offer financially. To the contrary, it's known to be harmful to girls and women in various ways. An outline is an excellent tool to remember what you intend to write about and to steer clear of a fear of getting started. Your regional domestic violence shelter can help you locate an immigration attorney. If you're abused, you don't need to respond to questions about your immigration status. Female immigrants or refugees face several of the exact challenges as other abused ladies. It's possible for you to report a crime no matter your immigration status. Completely free Female Genital Mutilation essay samples are offered on FreeEssayHelp with no payment or registration. Women are becoming harmed. Essays might be lightly modified for readability or to defend the anonymity of contributors, but we don't edit essay examples before publication. Reading example essays works the exact same way! To get started writing your assignment you would want to encounter an interesting and promising topic. Argumentative essay format is dependent on your professor's requirements, since there isn't any typical pattern for every single essay. Every claim ought to be explained in another paragraph. Normally, it takes up to two hours of time to comb through dozens of sites until you discover something exciting to write about. You must be proficient in the topic, have an overall idea about the chosen issue and can get the best arguments to demonstrate your thesis. You might be able to get an attorney at no charge. What Is So Fascinating About Essay Topics on Female Genital Mutitlation? FGC doesn't have any health benefits and can lead to long-term health difficulties. The harshness of female genital mutilation varies in various cultures, it includes the removal of part or all the genital organs clitoris a.. Several health issues are related to FGM based on the process. To begin with, treatment have been develop and implemented utilizing the exact techniques for both women and men. The aim of the transcultural nursing is to be certain that patients receive efficient care that doesn't contradict their cultural beliefs. Medical personnel are normally not involved. The development of dermoid cysts which might bring about abscesses. The procedure doesn't have any health benefits. This procedure doesn't require any anesthetic medicines, making the entire process a horrible experience for young girls. This practice might or might not incorporate the removal of the clitoris.

Prevalence insufficient physical activities - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about thePrevalence of insufficient physical activities Answer: Cardiovascular disorders: Diseases that involve heart and blood vessels are mainly termed as heart or cardiovascular disorders. It includes different types of problems one of which may be atherosclerosis. This occurs when a condition develops where plaques build up in the arteries and narrows the walls of the arteries. It becomes harder for the blood to flow resulting in stroke or attack. Blood clots may also prevent smooth blood blow through the blood vessels and therefore the muscles of the heart which is supplied by this blood begins to die resulting in attack. When a blood vessel serving the brain gets blocked, the cells in that part of the brain shut off affecting in walking, talking and others. This is ischemic attack. Bursting of blood vessels within the brain is called hemorrhagic attack. Sometimes problematic pumping of heart, arrhythmia and heart valve problems also arise. According to data provided by the World Health Organisation, cardiovascular disorders are considered to be one of the leading cause of death at a global level. Annually huge number of people are seen to die from this disorder than ither such disorders. An estimation made by them saw that 17.7 million people have died from the disorder in the year 2015. This accounted for about 31% of the global deaths in the world. Out of these deaths, it was even found out that 7.4 million people died as a result if coronary disorders and 6.7 million people died due to stroke. It was also found that three quarter of the number of deaths mainly was accounted from low and middle income countries (World Health Organization 2017). If one looks over the prevalence rate of the disorder in United Kingdom, it can be seen that the year 2017 witnessed a total of about 602782 deaths due to cardiovascular disorders with more being in women for about 310075 and comparatively lesser in men like about 292707. The highest death rate was found to be among the age cohort of 85+ accounting for about 236970 followed by the age cohort of 75 to 84 which account for about 173603. The death numbers increase from the age of 35 towards 85+ (Bhf.org.uk 2017). Risk factors for cardiovascular disorders can mainly be classified in three categories. The first is the medical conditions which increase the chance of an individual being affected by the disorders. These are the presence of high blood pressure. Besides, high cholesterol and diabetes also are marked as harmful that causes cardiovascular disorders. The second category is the unhealthy behaviours that lead to the disorders. This includes unhealthy diets, physical inactivity as well as obesity (Cdc.gov 2017). Huge amount of alcohol consumption and use of tobacco also expose individuals to this disorder. Besides, researchers are also of the opinion that genetics and family history also play important roles in the disorders. Age, sex as well as race or ethnicity also acts as important factors that determine the cardiovascular disorders occurring among them. The department of health of the United Kingdom had published an important policy namely The Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes Strategy- Improving Outcomes for People with or at Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (Gov.uk, 2017). This was published mainly under the coalition government 2010 to 2015. Another one policy was published in 2015 in the month of June called the Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: Policies for Better Health and Quality of Care by OECD (Oecd.org 2017). A member of Cardio and Vascular Coalition (CVC) which is formed from 40 voluntary organisations working along with the government has provided many important interventions. In order to control unhealthy behaviours they have tried to keep a check on public health regulatory measures and try in restricting the advertisement of high fat, sugar and salt foods to children and others as well as introduction of plain packaging for tobacco products. Moreover CVC has also taken care that when any members are suffering from hea rt disorders, they should be able to access care, care should be present right place and at right time making healthcare centres be more active and providing patients with person-centred care. From the above discussion, it becomes quite clear that cardiovascular disorders are one of the most dreaded disorders in United Kingdom. The government however has tried its best to tackle the issues and have proposed interventions to handle them successfully. Obesity: Obesity can be defined as the physical condition where the person mainly accumulates a huge amount of fat in his body which in turn has negative impacts on health of the individual. Body mass index is actually a statistical measurement which is mainly measured from the weight as well as height of the individuals. When the BMI is below 25, it is said to be normal. When it is between 25 and 29.9, the individual is considered to be overweight and when it is 30 or above, it is considered that the individual is obese. Obesity in turn makes the individual expose to a number of other disorders like cardiovascular diseases, respiratory syndromes, osteoarthritis, diabetes and many others. This makes the life of an obese individual not only difficult but also makes him lead a poor quality life both physically and emotionally. World Health Organisation has updated their fact sheet in the year 2017 in the month of October with recent statistics of the people globally being affected by obesity. WHO is of the opinion that worldwide burden of obesity has nearly become thrice the number which was present in the year 1975. In the year of 2016, it was seen that about 1.9 billion adults above the age of 18 are overweight. Out of them, 650 million people are found to be obese. This states that about 39% of the people globally above the age of 18 are found to be overweight in the year of 2016 with about 13% found to be obese. Researchers are of the opinion that most of the population of the world live in countries where death due to overweight is more than that of death due to being underweight. About 41 million children globally coming under the age of 5 are found to be overweight. About 240 million children living between the ages of 5 to 19 are found either overweight or obese (World Health Organization 2017). If one ponders upon the prevalence in the United Kingdom, it can be seen that in year 2017, one in four British adults are found to be obese which accounts for 24.9% of the population. About 62% of the population are found to be overweight. It is striking to find out that obesity levels in United Kingdom have been tripled in the year last 30 years and at the current rates, experts are of the opinion that there will be 11 million more obese adults in the year 2030. 24 % of the British men and 26% of the British women suffer from obesity which takes the second position in the world. 3 in 10 children aged 2 to 15 are overweight or obese (Drivenbyhealth.co.uk 2017). A large number of risk factors remain associated with this disorder. Consuming too many calories, leading a sedentary lifestyle and not sleeping enough are recognised by researchers to be some. Besides, some foods act as endocrine disruptors affecting lipid metabolism process. There are certain medications which also result in gaining weight. Recent researchers are of the opinion that a gene which they named as obesity gene is also resulting in obesity. It is a faulty gene called FTO which makes 1 in every 6 people overeat making them prefer high energy, fatty foods. A policy paper was released in the name of 2010 to 2015 government policy: obesity and healthy eating which helped by providing actions that needs to be taken and at set up certain objectives to overcome obesity within the year 2020 (Gov.uk 2017). Besides, there is also another policy called the Healthy Lives, Healthy People: A Call to Action on Obesity in England. Another policy that was also introduced by the department of health under the government is the Childhood obesity: a plan for action. It was updated in 2017 in the month of January and mainly concerned around helping childhood obesity to be erased away from United Kingdom (Gov.uk, 2017). Government had taken initiatives to make people more careful and eating and drinking healthily. They had introduced diet and physical activity advice through Change4Life programme. The government is also instructing businesses to conduct their business keeping in mind to make products healthier by cutting down sugar contents and similar ot hers. Innovate UK, also conducted a collaborative research and development called RD competition worth 10 million for research. This was done to stimulate new processes as well as products to increase the presence of healthier food choices for customers and also to open up new markets. Therefore as obesity is becoming a major concern, government is retying their best to reduce the effects of such disorder on population. Individuals should also be responsible and make lifestyle choices that have positive impacts on their health. Smoking: Smoking can be explained as an unhealthy behaviour that turns onto addiction almost in all individuals who consume them. Smoking results in worsening of physiological systems of the body resulting in damage of almost every tissue in the body. It results in occurring of different diseases in the body of the individuals which includes lung cancer. It also exacerbates many other diseases which include diabetes, lung diseases, cancer as well as different cardiovascular disorders. It also causes hypertension, cholesterols become high, blood clots occur and even strokes take place. All these mainly occur because smoking of tobacco exposes the individual to around 4000 chemicals. Many of such chemicals are toxic. Toxins which are found in cigarettes include formaldehyde as well as cyanide. Other harmful substances mainly include formaldehyde as well as cyanide. Smoking exposes individuals to carbon monoxide which lowers the levels of oxygen in the blood (Westerhof et al. 2015). Passive smok ers like those people who are exposed to the smoke also remain exposed to the similar toxins. WHO global reports on trends in tobacco smoking 2000 to 2015 has estimated that smoking tobacco was the main reason for the death of about six million people across the world in each year. This figure also involves the 600000 people who are staitistically found to die from the effects of second hand smoke as well (World Health Organization, 2017). Current data taken in the year 2016 shows that about 15.5 % of adults above the age of 18 practices the habit of smoking which has reduced from the level of 19.9 % from the year 2010. Researchers are also of the opinion that throughout the year of 2015 to 2016, there have been about 474 thousand hospital admissions. They have also stated that the deaths in the same year had been noted around 79 thousands. This actually represents for about 16 percent of all deaths taking place in United Kingdom (Digital.nhs.uk, 2017). Some of the risk factors that accumulate as the causes of development of smoking habits are family attitudes where parents, grandparents, siblings or other broader family member smoke. Besides peer pressure is also another factor. Copycatting smoking behaviours to keep up the cool quotient in popular cultures also make them exposed to learning. Socio-demographic factors, personality traits, availability of tobacco products all make individuals exposed to smoking. Besides, stress also exposes an individual to pick up such habits. Department of health of the United Kingdom has proposed a policy which has been published in the year 2017 which has the title Towards a Smoke free Generation A Tobacco Control Plan for England which had actually proposed a number of action plans for controlling tobacco smoking in England (A Tobacco Control Plan for England (2017-2022) 2017). Another policy is called the Smoking Still Kills which is proposed by Action on Smoking and Health and funded by Cancer Research UK and the British Heart Foundation. This was mainly proposed after the governments five year plan for tobacco control came to an end in the year 2015 (Action on Smoking and Health, 2017). At the national level, the government had taken initiatives to provide training to all healthcare professionals on the topic of smoking cessations mainly including those professionals who work with mental health patients. The government is also reviewing the types and levels of sanctions for tobacco retailers who are breaking laws wh ich are designed to protect young people from developing such habits. Therefore, one should himself or herself develop the confidence to overcome the habits of smoking for personal benefits and can thereby lead proper quality life. Physical inactivity: Physical activity may be defined as the bodily movement which takes place due to the movement of the skeletal muscles along with expenditure of energy. This may include any activities which may be undertaken during playing, working, performing household chores, travelling as well as taking part in recreational pursuits. In order to be physically active, adults should do 150 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity for a week or at least 75 minutes vigorous activities through the week or a combination of both. However such levels are not achieved. Insufficient physical activity has been described by WHO to be one of the leading factors of death worldwide. It is also suggested that it acts a risk factor for different non communicable diseases that involve cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancer. WHO has pointed out the statistics which states that on a global scale, 1 in 4 adults is not active enough (Physical inactivity WHO 2017). It has also stated 80% of the adolescents of the world is insufficiently physically active. One astonishing fact is that the high income countries have double the prevalence when comparison is done with the low income countries fir both the men and women. 41% of men and 48% of women are found to be physically inactive in the high income countries but 18% of men and 21% of women are inactive in the low income countries (Global Health Observatory (GHO) data WHO 2017). Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet in 2017 state that lack of physical inactivity was observed when 58% of women and 68% of men are overweight or obese. There were 525 thousand admissions in NHS hospitals where obesity was recorded to be factors. Physical inactivity is mainly taking place as a result of the sedentary lifestyles people are living nowadays. The recent technologies have made life easier and people get their commodities, food and necessities with simple clicks on their gadgets. Moreover the entertainments nowadays have shifted to indoor gaming, video games, cinemas and others for which people have become lazy or do not require the need to be physically active. It is extremely important for people to conduct physical activities to keep themselves in good health and shape. Department of health of the government of United Kingdom had published a series of policy papers with guidelines for different age cohort which have been found to be extremely helpful to guide people about how to keep themselves in proper shapes (NHS Digital 2017). Governments had advised parents to contribute some structure or formality which would help providing enabling environments within which children would be stimulated to play more constructively. This would help them to generate their own physical active games and plays. With the help of guidelines, governments are also trying adults to develop better lifestyles with proper exercises to keep themselves fit and healthy. A proper lifestyle and physically active life can protect individuals from the grasps of a number of ailments. References: Action on Smoking and Health. 2017.Smoking Still Kills - Action on Smoking and Health. [online] Available at: https://ash.org.uk/information-and-resources/reports-submissions/reports/smoking-still-kills/ [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Bhf.org.uk. 2017.Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2017. [online] Available at: https://www.bhf.org.uk/research/heart-statistics/heart-statistics-publications/cardiovascular-disease-statistics-2017 [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Cdc.gov. 2017.Heart Disease Risk Factors | cdc.gov. [online] Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/risk_factors.htm [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Department of Health 2017 Towards a smoke-free generation: a tobacco control plan for England [E] [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/f ile/629455/Towards_a_Smoke_free_Generation_- _A_Tobacco_Control_Plan_for_England_2017-2022.pdf (Accessed: 18 July 2017) Digital.nhs.uk. 2017.Statistics on Smoking, England - 2017 [PAS]. [online] Available at: https://digital.nhs.uk/catalogue/PUB24228 [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Drivenbyhealth.co.uk. 2017.Uk Obesity Statistics In 2017. [online] Available at: https://www.drivenbyhealth.co.uk/other-news/7738/ [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Gov.uk. 2017.2010 to 2015 government policy: obesity and healthy eating - GOV.UK. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-2015-government-policy-obesity-and-healthy-eating/2010-to-2015-government-policy-obesity-and-healthy-eating [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Gov.uk. 2017.Childhood obesity: a plan for action - GOV.UK. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/childhood-obesity-a-plan-for-action/childhood-obesity-a-plan-for-action [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Gov.uk. 2017.Improving cardiovascular disease outcomes: strategy - GOV.UK. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/improving-cardiovascular-disease-outcomes-strategy [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Gov.uk. 2017.Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet, England 2017 - GOV.UK. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/statistics-on-obesity-physical-activity-and-diet-england-2017 [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Malik, V.S., Willett, W.C. and Hu, F.B., 2013. Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications.Nature Reviews Endocrinology,9(1), pp.13-27. NHS Digital 2017 Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet England 2017 [Online] Available at: https://content.digital.nhs.uk/article/2021/WebsiteSearch?productid=24815q=physical+activitysort=Relevancesize=10p age=1area=both#top (Accessed 8 June 2017) Oecd.org. 2017.Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: Policies for Better Health and Quality of Care. [online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/unitedkingdom/Cardiovascular-Disease-and-Diabetes-Policies-for-Better-Health-and-Quality-of-Care-UK.pdf [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Westerhof, G., De Groot, C., Amelink, M., De Nijs, S., Weersink, E., Ten Brinke, A. and Bel, E., 2015. Risk factors for frequent exacerbations in (ex) smoking and never-smoking adult-onset asthma patients. Who.int. 2017.WHO | Prevalence of insufficient physical activity. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/physical_activity_text/en/ [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. World Health Organization. 2017.Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/ [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. World Health Organization. 2017.Obesity and overweight. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. World Health Organization. 2017.Physical activity. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs385/en/ [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. World Health Organization. 2017.WHO global report on trends in tobacco smoking 2000-2025. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/surveillance/reportontrendstobaccosmoking/en/index2.html [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017].

Parkinsons Disease Essays (616 words) - Parkinsons Disease, Medicine

Parkinson's Disease Microbes and Society 03/06/00 Parkinson's Disease Parkinson's disease usually affects people of late middle age. Most run between the age of 50-60. The symptoms of Parkinson's disease are usually subtle and occur gradually. Some examples of symptoms a person may have, are feeling shaky or having trouble getting up from a chair or a couch. Others may notice that their speaking is softer or quieter. They will lose track of a thought or feel irritable or even depressed for no reason. These are early symptoms that may last a long time before the more classic and obvious symptoms appear. For now there is no way to cure or prevent Parkinson's disease from happening., but there has been new research looking at (PET) Position Emission Topography. This will allow scientists to scan the brain, which see chemical change that occurs in the brain. Using PET scientists can study the brain's nerve cells that are affected by disease. IF you are in the major stages of Parkinson's disease the major symptoms are tremors, problems walking, bradykinesia, and rigidity. Rigidity is an increase of stiffness in the muscles. If it is eased by medications, rigidity is always present. It's also responsible for a mask like expression. In some patients it leads to sensations of pain in the arms and shoulders. Secondly, victims with experience bradykinesia, which means slowness of movement. It causes the brains to react slower in its transmission of instructions to parts of the body therefore causing the body to act slowly in carrying them out. Poor balance is often true when victims move abruptly. Some patients experience falls due to poor balance. Last are tremors, they will affect three out of four patients. Tremors may affect only one part or side of the body. For the most part they don't disable people and it disappears during sleep. Some minor symptoms are depression, emotional changes, memory loss, difficulty swallowing, and chewing. At this point there is no cure for Parkinson's disease but there are a wide variety of medications that provide relief for the symptoms. Treatments are determined by how much the symptoms affect the person by a physician. Most of the medications will have to be adjusted to a countable dosage for the patients. In the early stage the physicians begin with one or two less powerful drugs. They saved the most powerful medicines for the time when patients need it the most. One of the most common medicines is Levodopa. Levodopa allows the nerve cells to use it to make dopamine with which the brain can use. It prevents or delays some symptoms in most patients. It also extends the time in which some patients can lead some normal lives. There are some side effects that could happen like nausea, vomiting, low-blood pressure, and restlessness. Symmevel which is used as an anti flu medication but it is also used with Parkinson's patients too. It reduces the symptoms of rigidity. Some other is anthicholinergics, selegiline, and deprehyl. A physician will also strongly suggest that to remain active in the early stages they will tell you to perform daily activities as much as possible. Taking supplements of vitamin E is showed to help somewhat. For the tremors, medication or anything relaxing will sooth them down too. When Parkinson's disease gets in the later stages physicians will help design exercise programs to help meet your specific needs. Last, they will also suggest for you to get a cane or a walker because the patient will be more prone to fall. Bibliography Parkinson's Disease Resource Center http//www.healingwell.com/parkinsons/info.htm Parkinson's Disease Foundation Inc., http://www.parkinsons-foundation.org Discovery Health: Parkinson's diseases, http://www.discoveryhealth.com PlanetR.com Science

Biography Research Paper on Marillyn Hewson essay

Biography Research Paper on Marillyn Hewson essay Biography Research Paper on Marillyn Hewson essay Biography Research Paper on Marillyn Hewson essayMarillyn Hewson is an outstanding and influential business leader, whose experience, skills and knowledge are reflected in successful strategic management practices. Marillyn Hewson is well-known as a business leader, whose major goal is to develop effective strategies aimed at provide advanced technology systems, effective products and services designed for defense, and distributed at local and international levels (Censer, 2012). Marillyn A. Hewson was born in1954, in Junction City, Kansas. Today she is 60, but continues to serve for Lockheed Martin, holding the positions of Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Lockheed Martin. Based on the official data provided by Bloomberg Businessweek (2014), â€Å"Ms. Marillyn A. Hewson has been the Chief Executive Officer and President at Lockheed Martin Corporation since January 1, 2013 and its Chairman since January 1, 2014† (p. 1). According to Forbes, in 2014, she was listed as the 21-st most influential woman in the business world. She is American. Marillyn Hewson states she always believed in her career success, which depends on the individual’s ability to manage his/her own professional growth, being able to take risks, experience failures, but staying open to new and creative ideas. Her father died when she was 9. Her mother had to raise five children herself. Marillyn Hewson says, â€Å"Self-reliance and taking responsibility were traits I had to learn very early in life† (Marillyn Hewson, 2005, p.1). She is married. Her family is not too large. She has two sons, Marillyn and James (25 and 22 years old).Highest educational levelMarillyn Hewson earned her Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration. Later she earned her Master of Arts degree in Economics from the University of Alabama. She also attended some other educational institutions, including Columbia Business School and Harvard Business School in order to achie ve high professionalism in business. She chose the Columbia Business School and Harvard Business School executive development programs, which provided opportunities for successful executive assessment and development. Marillyn Hewson believes that education plays an important role in the life of any individual, who wants to achieve success in business career. Her philosophy is â€Å"Perform at your best on today’s job, go for the experience, and the opportunities will follow† (Marillyn Hewson, 2005). She uses her education and experience to plan investments in new areas, including water purification systems, combating cybercrime, and boosting international growth (Lockheed Martin Corp (LMT: New York), 2014, October 17).III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First jobThe first job of Marillyn Hewson was connected with her degree in Economics. She served as an Economist at the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Her role was concluded in providing the comprehensive s tudy of the production and distribution of   various resources, goods, and services by means of data collection and data analysis,   researching trends, and evaluating the basic economic issues. Marillyn Hewson had an opportunity to work with occupational and career information, dealing with employment and unemployment statistical data and reports, as well as analyzing the proper information on wage, earnings and benefits. Undoubtedly, the professional skills she obtained at her first job contributed to her further success in business career (Marillyn A. Hewson, 2014). In addition, her first job helped her to learn more about what workers do on the job, assess their working conditions and the impact of them on productivity. She realized that training and education are necessary to obtaining high quality specialists. Moreover, she realized that the earnings play an important role in employees’ motivation and performance. In general, her first job influenced her further car eer plans and employment opportunities (Thompson, 2014). Current job title and company Marillyn Hewson entered Lockheed in 1983. She started to work with Lockheed Martin as a Senior Industrial Engineer employed to work on military aircraft in Marietta, Ga. She was involved in a new program that provided massive opportunities for Marillyn Hewson’s advancement. Soon she managed to take on supervisory duties and responsibilities. Today Lockheed Martin is well-known as a global defense company that employs more than 140,000 employees worldwide. The company is headquartered in Bethesda, MD. Marillyn Hewson has developed the proper strategies to assist the company in researching, design practices, development opportunities, manufacturing, integration and sustainment of effective technological systems, products and services. During her 31 years of career with Lockheed Martin, Marillyn Hewson has held different positions, mainly operational leadership positions like â€Å"President of Lockheed Martin Systems Integration; Executive Vice President of Global Sustainment for Lockheed Martin Aeronautics; President and General Manager of Kelly Aviation Center, L.P., an affiliate of Lockheed Martin; and President of Lockheed Martin Logistics Services. She has also served in key corporate executive roles, including Senior Vice President of Corporate Shared Services; Vice President of Global Supply Chain Management; and Vice President of Corporate Internal Audit† (Marillyn Hewson, 2005). Within Lockheed Martin, Marillyn Hewson has earned good reputation for being warm, honest and personable. When she held the position of Chief Executive Officer of the company at the beginning of 2013, she realized that Lockheed Martin, one of the biggest defense companies of the world, had the â€Å"strongest portfolio, the best reputation, and the most promising prospects of any enterprise in the defense business† (Thompson, 2014, p.1). In fact, she became the first woman to run the company, holding the position of Chairman of Lockheed Martin. She succeeded in her professional career due to her innate discipline and self-determination. Today Marillyn Hewson knows that the future success of the company depends on â€Å"keeping shareholders rewarded, customers satisfied, employees engaged and competitors at bay† (Thompson, 2014, p.1).Marillyn Hewson’s charitable interests include the Women’s Legacy. She is focused on promoting the initiatives that provide early childhood care/education, developing the proper strategies aimed at preventing child abuse/ neglect, and providing assistance to women in achieving economic security. The Women’s Legacy’s mission is to honor the lives of women, providing the opportunities to inspire women to live happily.   There are some other charitable interests. She supports charitable donations of her employees. According to recent research, â€Å"Lockheed Martin employees broke throug h their goal of $950,000 and exceeded the $1 million mark in pledges to the charity or charitable agency of their choice through payroll deduction in 2009† (Lockheed Martin Employees Raise More Than $1 Million for Charity, 2008).   In general, the company motivated employees to pledge $1,031,798 to charities. Marillyn Hewson continues to encourage her employees to charitable donations. She says, â€Å"I am proud of our employees’ commitment to strengthening the Southern Tier through their philanthropic contributions and volunteer efforts† (Lockheed Martin Employees Raise More Than $1 Million for Charity, 2008).

Primary and Secondary keywords Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Primary and Secondary keywords - Assignment Example Keywords can be differentiated into two major types according to their importance in a webpage or website. They are Primary keyword and secondary keywords. For well optimization, a good combination of primary and secondary keyword is vital. Google provide us ‘Google Trends’ which is a web based activity. It helps us to find how many times a word has been searched in Google from all over the word approximately. It represents in the form of a graph where the horizontal axis gives time and vertical axis depicts how many times the item is searched. Butters, K. (2013).  What are Primary and Secondary Keywords? [online] Yorkshireseoconsultancy.co.uk. Available at: http://www.yorkshireseoconsultancy.co.uk/what-are-primary-and-secondary-keywords [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014]. Google, (2014).  Google Trends - Web Search interest: digital marketing - Worldwide, 2004 - present. [online] Google.com. Available at: http://www.google.com/trends/explore?q=Digital+marketing#q=Digital%20marketing&cmpt=q [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014]. Hibu, (2013).  What are keywords and why are they important for SEO? [online] Business.hibu.co.uk. Available at: http://business.hibu.co.uk/knowledge/articles/2011/sept/what-are-keywords-and-why-are-they-important-for-seo/ [Accessed 8 Aug.

Re-entry programs Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Re-entry programs - Case Study Example The most successful reductions in recidivism occur in states that have a comprehensive program to meet the needs of individual prisoners before and after they are released. Oregon is held up as the state most successful in reducing recidivism, with a drop of 32% between 1994 and 2004 (The Pew Center on the States). Oregon’s program includes a risk and needs assessment when the prisoner is first incarcerated and a detailed transition plan six months before release. Their program also includes a comprehensive shift among all levels of government so a prisoner is not immediately returned to prison but instead faces graduated sanctions in the community, to include short jail stays as a means of accountability (The Pew Center on the States). Graduated sanctions mean that the ex-prisoner is not immediately returned to prison for a technical violation. One of the most successful programs for incarcerated offenders is cognitive-behavioral treatment. These programs target the predictors of crime as well as anti-social attitudes and values (Hubbard). This treatment works well with the majority of prisoners but is deficient and even harmful to those with low self-esteem or a history of sexual abuse (Id.). However, the benefits of such treatment far outweigh the deficiencies and must be included in the over-arching goal of behavioral change. Current research indicates educational programs are an important tool in reducing both re-offense and technical violations (Brewster). In a study performed in Oklahoma prisons, women benefited the most from educational and vocational-technical training, but men benefitted as well (Id.). Substance abuse treatment and counseling has also proven effective when begun in prison and followed up with after care (American Psychological Association). Research in California prisons showed a three year

The Big Five Inventory Bfi Psychology Essay

The Big Five Inventory Bfi Psychology Essay The present research is aimed at exploring the relationship between the Big Five Personality Factors and Academic Success. The Big Five Inventory, developed by John Benet-Martinez (1998), was administered on 158 students of the first and second year postgraduate (HR and Business Management) programs at XLRI. The participants current CQPI at XLRI and the XII standard percentage marks obtained at school served as the two measures of academic achievement. The results revealed that conscientiousness was significantly and positively associated with XII Standard percentage scores (r = 0.124, p Acknowledgements I am grateful to Dr. M. Srimannarayana for his unparalleled guidance and support which was a major motivation behind my doing this dissertation. I thank the participants of this study for having filled up the forms and for having shared their experiences with me for this project, without which I would have been unable to go anywhere with my analysis. I would also like to thank my classmates who helped me in many instances with valuable inputs regarding various concepts and issues. Table of Contents Introduction Two traditional indicators define academic performance grades and highest level of educational attainment. Academic achievement is affected by an interplay of cognitive abilities and personality traits, both of which are involved in the determination of the direction and intensity of intellectual investments. Previous studies undertaken to examine the predictors of academic success have focussed largely on intellectual ability. Anastasi (1954) noted declining correlations between IQ scores and academic performance with increasing levels of educational attainment. Specifically, the correlations between the two constructs declined from r = .70 in elementary school to r = .50 in secondary school and to r = .40 in college (Chamorro-Premuzic Furnham, 2005). Within postsecondary education itself, there is a declining correlation between ability tests and other measures of intelligence with increasing years at school. This pattern repeats itself at the post-graduation level abilities have the highest predictive validity at the commencement of a students university or postgraduate experience, and then subsequently decline in magnitude (Humphreys, 1968; Humphreys Taber, 1973). These results indicate that individual differences in academic performance due to cognitive ability disappear with increasing years of education, even after clearing successive hurdles to admission. Hence, it appears that non-ability factors (i.e., personality, self-efficacy, and motivational variables) become more important in distinguishing between better and worse students when the students are pre-selected by past academic performance or intellectual ability (Chamorro-Premuzic Furnham, 2006). Recent studies provide evidence in support of the measures of personality dimensions as possible predictors of academic achievement (e.g., Duckworth Seligman, 2005). Martin et al. (2006) found that personality characteristics have a major impact on performance at the undergraduate level across all 4 years of coursework. This impact was observed over and above the effects resulting from high school academic performance and intellectual ability (i.e., achievement test scores). Chamorro-Premuzic and Furnham (2003) studied the linkages between personality traits and academic performance using two longitudinal samples of British university students. They found that personality scores measured during the first week of the academic year were significantly related to final exam results and programme work that were assessed three years later. Further, the predictive power of personality traits accounted for another 10-17% variance in academic performance when it was related to both academic behaviours (like attendance and class involvement) and teachers predictions. In another study, Furnham et al. (2003) found that personality traits accounted for about one-fifth of variance in exam marks and one-third of variance in essay grades over a 2-year period. McLaughlin, Moutray Muldoon (2007) examined the impact of personality in predicting academic performance among nursing students. They administered the Eysencks personality questionnaire (EPQ-R) on 384 nursing students in their first year of study. The results of the EPQ-R were then analysed along with the final marks obtained at the end of the program. They found that students with high scores on psychoticism were more likely to withdraw from the program. Extraversion was also seen to negatively impact academic performance those scoring high on extraversion were more likely to achieve lower marks. In another study, Bisping Patron (2008) also found personality type as a significant determinant in academic success. They used the MBTI to study the impact of personality type in an introductory general business course designed to incorporate knowledge from various business disciplines. Caspi, Roberts, and Shiner (2005) argued for a causal relationship between personality traits and academic performance. They postulated that personality traits and academic performance might be causally related if achievement criteria and personality dimensions overlap. In other words, the causal relationship will arise when a certain behaviour indexing a certain personality trait is also a part of successful performance. For instance, exerting effort as a behaviour (relevant to conscientiousness) is likely to be important for securing high grades in school (Rothstein, Paunonen, Rush, King, 1994), thereby indicating the existence of a causal relationship. Given the wide variety of personality measures available and the subsequent difficulty of making generalisations across studies, there is considerable debate regarding which personality traits are associated with superior academic performance. Nevertheless, the majority of research examining the importance of personality in academic performance has used the Big Five Model of Personality (Costa McCrae, 1992). For example, Tok and Morali (2009) examined the predictive ability of the Big Five personality factors on academic success for a total of 295 physical education (PE) teacher candidates. They found that academic success as GPA was positively related to Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness and negatively associated with Neuroticism. In a meta-anlysis by O Connor and Paunonen (2007), conscientiousness (r = .24), extraversion (r = -.05) and openness (r = .06) were identified as the most consistent predictors of academic achievement. In another study, Mervielde (1994) and Mer vielde, Buyst, and De Fruyt (1995) examined teacher ratings of different age groups (from 4-12 years). They found that both Openness and Conscientiousness showed significant association with academic performance. Barbaranelli, Caprara, Rabasca, and Pastorelli (2003) also found these two traits as the most important personality correlates of academic success across different informants (self, teacher, and parent). Each of the five factors Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, Extraversion, and Neuroticism have been discussed below with regards to their impact on academic performance. Conscientiousness Conscientiousness is associated with the will to achieve, self-control, determination, purposefulness, and dependability. Chamorro-Premuzic Furnham (2004), and Moutafi, Furnham, Crump (2003) report a negative relationship between IQ and conscientiousness. Nevertheless, it appears that conscientiousness, as a personality construct, most strongly correlates with academic achievement in both undergraduate and graduate settings (Busato, Prins, Elshout, Hamaker, 2000; Noftle Robins, 2007). Noftle and Robins (2007) used multiple personality inventories across four independent samples of more than 10,000 participants. They found conscientiousness to be the strongest predictor of both high school and college GPA. Chamorro-Premuzic, Furnham, and Ackerman (2006) found conscientiousness to be a good predictor of academic success (r = .19 to .31) on multiple measures including exams, continuous assessment (presentations), and written essays over a three year period. Lievens, Coetsier, De Fruyt and De Maeseneer (2002) found conscientiousness to be a significant predictor of academic performance among medical students in each of their three preclinical years. Further, successful students differed from the unsuccessful ones on the subconstructs of dutifulness, achievement orientation, and self-discipline. Conscientiousness is associated with sustained efforts and goal setting activities (Barrick, Mount, Strauss, 1993), both of which are said to contribute to scholastic achievement (Steel, 2007). It is also related to compliance and attention to home assignments (Trautwein, Ludtke, Schnyder, Niggli, 2006), to time management and to regulation of effort in learning activities (Bidjerano Dai, 2007). This attests the relationship of conscientiousness to academic performance, class attendance, and final grades (Conard, 2006). MacCann, Duckworth, Roberts (2009) found that each facet of conscientiousness (e.g., diligence, dependability, self-discipline, prudence, competence, dutifulness, order, and achievement striving) contributed to higher performance in academic settings, attainment of scholastic success, and lower disciplinary infractions. The facets also independently predicted Grade Point Average (Chamorro-Premuzic Furnham, 2003; Furnham et al., 2003; Martin et al., 2006), motivat ion (Komarraju Karau, 2005), effective learning styles (Duff et al., 2004), and academic aspirations (Rottinghaus, Lindley, Green, Borgen, 2002). Finally, Chamorro-Premuzic and Furnham (2003, 2006) argue that in competitive settings, conscientiousness may play a compensatory role for lower cognitive ability and consequently promote higher academic achievement. Thus, the conscientious person who works hard, completes tasks, and strives to succeed is more likely to be motivated to perform well. This would help him in achieving higher academic success (Furnham Monsen, 2009). Openness to Experience Openness to Experience is characterised by receptiveness to new ideas, preference for varied sensations, attentiveness to inner feelings, and intellectual curiosity. Evidence supporting the relationship between Openness to Experience and scholastic success is mixed. Some studies report a positive relationship between Openness and academic performance (e.g., DeFruyt Mervielde, 1996; Farsides Woodfield, 2003), effective learning style, and higher academic aspirations (Rottinghaus et al., 2002). However, other studies do not support such a relationship (e.g., Busato et al., 2000; Chamorro-Premuzic Furnham, 2003). Openness has been positively related to final school grades and to strategies involving critical thinking (Bidjerano Dai, 2007; Komarraju Karau, 2005), and motivation to learn (Tempelaar, Gijselaers, Schim Van Der Loeff, Nijhuis, 2007). Chamorro-Premuzic and Furnham (2003) found openness to be positively related to intelligence and intellectual curiosity. Chamorro-Premuzic and Furnhams (2008) confirm a positive relationship between the openness and academic achievement. They argue that open individuals are more likely to engage in activities that stimulate the acquisition of knowledge and learning experiences. Caprara et al. (2010) found that openness along with academic self-ef ¬Ã‚ cacy contributed to junior high-school grades, after controlling for socio-economic status (SES). Graziano et al. (1997) assessed the Big Five self-reports of 5th to 8th graders. They found Openness positively related with both, self-reports and teacher ratings of academic adjustment. However, OConnor and Paunonen (2007) reported in a review a very low correlation (r = .06) between openness and academic achievement. They rejected the idea of an overall interaction between the two variables. Neuroticism Neuroticism is the degree to which a person experiences negative emotions that are associated with irrational beliefs (Ellis, 1994), weak impulse control, and difficulty coping with stress. A number of studies report a negative correlation between neuroticism and academic performance (Chamorro-Premuzic Furnham, 2003; Ridgell Lounsbury, 2004), thereby indicating that academic performance tends to be higher in the case of emotionally stable students than neurotic students, who may experience higher levels of anxiety during stressful situations (OConnor Paunonen, 2007). However, results of meta-analyses examining the relationship between neuroticism and academic achievement remain inconclusive (OConnor Paunonen, 2007; Trapmann et al., 2007). Such studies suggest that neuroticism may not be a strong predictor of individual differences in academic achievement in general. Agreeableness Agreeableness may be defined as the disposition of a person toward nurturance, altruism, trust, and a willingness to help others. Studies examining the relationship between agreeableness and academic achievement have produced differing results. Gray and Watson (2002) and Farsides and Woodfield (2003) found agreeableness to be positively associated to GPA (r = .15 and r = .14 respectively). Deary et al. (2003), using the Big Five Inventory found that those who failed to complete the program scored lower on agreeableness. However, in other studies (Conard, 2006; Duff, Boyle, Dunleavy, Ferguson 2004) researchers failed to find such a significant association between the two variables. Thus, agreeableness may not be that important a determinant of academic performance. Extraversion Extraversion is the degree to which individuals are sociable, preferring large groups and gatherings. Extroverts demonstrate a tendency to be cheerful, assertive and active. Although a positive relationship exists between IQ and Extraversion, Extraversion has been found in several studies (Busato, Prins, Elshout, Hamaker, 2000; Chamorro-Premuzic Furnham, 2004; Furnham, Chamorro-Premuzic McDougall, 2003) to be negatively associated with academic success. Early studies, in particular, indicated that introverts performed better than extroverts, suggesting that the former were better at revision and possessed a higher ability to learn (Entwistle Entwistle, 1970). More recently, Sanchez-Marin et al. (2001) found that extraverts failed their programs more frequently than introverts, again suggesting that this was to do with their distractibility, sociability, and impulsiveness. However, Furnham et al. (1998) found that extroverts performed significantly better than introverts on a meas ure of logical reasoning. Chamorro-Premuzic and Furnham (2003) state that it is difficult to find a consistent relationship between intelligence and extraversion. Overall, extraversion supports academic achievement in some studies and hinders it in others. It must be noted that several variables like age, educational level, gender and assessment method may moderate the relationship between the two variables. In light of the preceding research, today it is more important than ever to determine the personality factors influencing academic success among college students, given the increasing levels of early withdrawal from college and their declining levels of academic performance (Tok Morali, 2009). While a considerable amount of research has been undertaken to establish the relationship between personality factors and academic achievement, there is a virtual gap in study in this area in India. Thus, the present study extends the earlier literature on personality-academic achievement relationship by studying the linkage between the two variables among B-school students in India. Hypothesis Based on the results of the previous research, I hypothesise that Conscientiousness as a personality variable would have the strongest impact on academic achievement. Method Participants Data was collected from 158 respondents studying in the postgraduate program at XLRI. Convenience sampling technique was used to identify the respondents. The sample size comprised of a mix of participants belonging to the first year and second year HR and Business Management (BM) programs offered by the Institute. Specifically, 81 respondents (51.26%) were studying in the HR program and the remaining 77 participants (48.73%) belonged to the BM batch at XLRI. Out of these, 108 participants (68.35%) were in the second year and the rest 50 (31.64%) were studying in the first year. All the respondents were between the age group of 21-32 years. There were a total of 112 male respondents (70.88%). 46 female respondents (29.11%) comprised the rest of the sample. Measures Personality Measure: The Big Five Inventory (BFI) developed by John Benet-Martinez (1998) was used to measure the five personality dimensions of Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. The participants were asked to respond to 44 items on a 5 point Likert Scale with a score of 1 indicating strongly disagree and a score of 5 indicating strongly agree. Out of the 44 statements, eight items each measure Extraversion and Neuroticism; nine items each measure Agreeableness and Conscientiousness and ten items measure Openness to Experience. Sixteen items in all are reverse scored. John Srivastava (1999) report the reliability coefficient of the BFI to be 0.83. The convergent validity for the instrument ranged from 0.73 to 0.81. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded a validity coefficient of 0.92 for the instrument. (See appendix: Big Five Questionnaire) Academic Achievement: The participants Cumulative Quality Points Index (CQPI) at XLRI at the time of the research study was used as a measure of academic achievement. The maximum CQPI that can be obtained by a student is 8.00. The CQPI, as a measure, was coupled with the percentage of marks obtained in the XII standard in school. Information on both these measures was obtained from the participants self-reports. Data Analysis Responses obtained from the participants were first recoded to take into account the negatively worded items. Thereafter, the scores on the five dimensions of the BFI were computed for each participant by summating the responses of the assigned items. In order to explore the relationship between personality factors and academic success, the Pearsons Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was calculated between the Big Five Dimensions and the two measures of academic achievement, namely XLRI CQPI and XII standard percentage scored. Results The results indicate that Conscientiousness was significantly and positively associated with XII Standard percentage scores (r = 0.124, p No significant correlation was found between other personality factors and the measures of academic achievement. Table I: Correlation Coefficients between the Big Five Dimensions Measures of Academic Achievement Big Five Dimension XII Percentage XLRI CQPI Extraversion 0.095 0.025 Agreeableness -0.051 -0.047 Conscientiousness 0.124* 0.248** Neuroticism 0.077 0.164* Openness to Experience 0.012 0.058 where ** indicates p Discussion The findings of the study revealed that when compared to other personality dimensions, Conscientiousness had the strongest influence on academic success, both at the XII board level and at the post-graduation level. Thus, the hypothesis was accepted. More specifically, conscientiousness was significantly and positively associated with XII Standard percentage scores (r = 0.124, p Neuroticism was also found to be significantly and positively related to CQPI at XLRI (r = 0.164, p Further the high structure academic environment prevalent at XLRI may also facilitate a comparatively better performance for students who are high on neuroticism (as is indicated by positive correlation obtained between the two variables in the present study). It has been argued that neuroticism has a more substantial influence on academic performance under high pressure situations. This may be because the presence of evaluation apprehension may trigger a variety of cognitive and affective reactions among individuals with high levels of anxiety. In fact, under low levels of situational pressure these individuals might experience less anxiety and stress, thereby performing better or at a level similar to individuals with low levels of Neuroticism. The evaluation system at XLRI is such that it emphasizes round the year academic performance rather than evaluation being restricted to a single examination, as is the case with the XII board exams. Further at XLRI, aside from the quizzes an d end term examination (which are individual evaluation components), a major focus is on evaluation of group projects and assignments. These further reduce the stress and anxiety levels for students and make the environment a low press situation. This may explain for the significant positive association observed between Neuroticism and academic performance at XLRI. Finally, no significant correlation was found between the personality factors of Extraversion, Openness to Experience, and Agreeableness with the measures of academic achievement. Research evidence regarding the association of these personality dimensions with academic success is mixed and there are numerous studies that report no relationship of academic success with Extraversion (e.g., Hair Hampson, 2006; Furnham, Chamorro-Premuzic, 2004; Phillips et al., 2003, etc), Openness to Experience (e.g., Busato et al., 2000; Chamorro-Premuzic Furnham, 2003) and Agreeableness (e.g., Conard, 2006; Duff, Boyle, Dunleavy, Ferguson, 2004). The results of these studies are in line with the current results. Implications Overall, the results of our study, along with those of previous studies, clearly demonstrate the useful nature of Conscientiousness in predicting the academic success among college students. This information may be beneficial to college admissions committees armed with the mission to reduce the increasing levels of early withdrawal from college and academic failure. However, the problem of accurate measurement of the personality constructs leaves the admission committees wide open to the challenges of self-report scales. These self-rating measures may be highly prone to the effects of impression management, given the high stakes nature of admissions to graduate school. One suggestion is to apply other data collection methods that may approximate the personality constructs sought here. For example, Trapmann and colleagues (2007) suggested that structured interviews may be used to assess the personality trait of Conscientiousness and its associated components. Here also concerns regard ing impression management remain, despite the fact that interviews form a substantial component of selection process for a majority of graduate schools. Another suggestion is to request ratings about the student from knowledgeable informants that could be used to assess particular personality traits (Wolfe Johnson, 1995). However, admissions committees may find locating willing and unbiased informants a huge challenge. Those who provide letters of recommendation could be asked to address particular student characteristics. The idea is to gather as much information as possible about a students non-ability traits to guide admission related decisions. Limitations Directions for Future Research The first limitation of the present study concerns the investigated sample. The participants were students of the postgraduate management program at XLRI. Since, the participants had already been pre-selected by ability and intelligence; it may have resulted in a narrow distribution of the students characteristics. Future studies can focus on samples from multiple backgrounds with a wider distribution in abilities. Another limitation of this study is that it focuses exclusively on grades as a measure of academic performance. Grades represent only one measure of performance that people exhibit in the context of education. In the classroom there are several behaviours that may be more highly related to personality, such as the frequency of asking questions or seeking help (Pintrich, Smith, Garcia, McKeachie, 1993), or even showing up for classes when the attendance is not taken. Investigating the effects of personality on these and other data sources may reveal that personality plays a much larger role in student behaviours, than the sole examination of grades and level of educational attainment would reveal. It is suggested that future research can focus on examining homework and other study-related behaviours discussed above. Because they occur in a relatively unstructured environment, it appears that they would be more likely to capture the influence of non-ability traits rather than just in- class assignments or grades.

COP 3530, Discrete Data Structures and Algorithms, Summer 1999, Homework 5 :: UFL Florida Computer Programming Homework

Class Notes: Data Structures and Algorithms Summer-C Semester 1999 - M WRF 2nd Period CSE/E119, Section 7344 Homework #5 -- Due Wed 30 June 1999 : 09.30am Revised Date In class, we discussed the breadth-first and depth-first search (BFS and DFS) algorithms for graph traversal. Using your class notes and the text (Chapter 12) as a guide, answer the following questions. Note: Answers are in blue typeface. * Question 1. Write pseudocode (not Java code) for the BFS algorithm we discussed in class. Beside each step, write the number of external I/O, memory I/O, incrementation, comparison, and other types of operations employed. Then, construct a work budget for each type of operation, together with a Big-Oh estimate of complexity. Answer: Psudeocode for BFS is given for a graph having n vertices and m edges, as follows: procedure: Breadth-first-search(w) { initialize list L0 to contin vertex w # 2 mem I/O i = 0 # 1 mem I/O while not(isEmpty(Li)) do # n-1 comps { create Li+1 = empty list # 1 mem I/O for each vertex v in Li do # n iterations max. { for each edge e incident on v do # m iter's max.

Effective Communication in the Business Meetings

Effective Communication in Business Meetings The great management guru Peter Drucker once said, â€Å"Business communication is all about understanding what has not been said. † Especially today business communication is one of important factors to be successful in the changeling business environment because during opened working environment one can meet lots of others for discussing but how to make an effective communication in business meetings? There are some of factors to impact deeply on result of an effective communication in the business meetings as clear goal or objective, careful planning, use materials, communication skills and conflict management. People may ignore to be involved in meetings, if they know their time will not be useful or non-productivity. Meetings should be completely carried out periodically or prepare urgently (if required) during work running of any organization. There are ways to spend the time more effectively. First factor considers here is goal or objective of business meeting. The goal or objective is built basing on actual situation of works what need to solve or make a decision, even just making a relationship. A business meeting without goal or objective considers as one walks around without home port, especially today’s challenging business environment is more focused in result. Imaginably there is no specifically stated desired outcome of the meeting so that is no point in availability the meeting. The goal or objective impacts people on gathering includes, but not limited to: communicating information, problem solving, team building, and making decision. Scheduling or preparation, communication, conflict management and follow-up are some of key factors to make sure that meetings are productive and efficient and that is being more essential in the today’s complicated working environment. The key for achieving the goal is an advance planning by everyone involved in the meeting. Detailed planning is a guideline to build an effective business meeting. Planning for meeting will support attendees to have a visualizing in advance how the meeting will be organized, where meeting attendees will sit, who will present in the meeting and how long the presentations will last. The meeting time and location should be confirmed one day before meeting to support attendees having a proper arrangement. Besides the meeting location should be able to accommodate all guests, convenient location, technological capabilities, and a comfortable condition. When the ocation has been determined, next important step is to start researching the information needed for the presentation, creating an agenda. The agenda should start with a quick objective or goal reminder, followed by the time frame allotted to each presentation. Research and investigation are perhaps the most important piece of planning an effective business meeting, which will help discover, summarize and organize the topic of the meeting. By making a convincing argument on the topic, the part icipants will be able to provide facts, instances, and definitions to support the subject. There are five main sources that can provide information for presentations. First of all is personal experience. Personal experience reflects the flow of thoughts and meanings persons bring to their immediate situations. The second resource is internet, especially in the 21st centuries which is considering as era of information technology. The goal is to improve the ability of people from all walks of life and interests to access, search, and use the information distributed in Internet resources. According to Usunier, & Roulin (2010, Apr), â€Å"there is no geographic limitation to Internet access and suppliers in any country can create Web sites containing information and dialogue content† (p. 189-227). Using a search engine is becoming more common in finding research. Instead of using search engines, online libraries are also available to support for finding research. Third resource is written and visual resources in different channels as magazines, journals, newspapers, books, broadcasts, and documentaries which can be consulted for information, arguments, and evidence for presentation in the meeting. The fourth resource is research methodology. Appropriate methodology is taking short time to find out the needed information. Pullin (2010, Oct) states â€Å"the research methodology was qualitative in nature and, to ensure scientific rigor, a multi-method approach was taken in collecting and analyzing the data† (p. 460). The fifth source is other people. In order to accurately use other people as a source is also a shortest way to help presenter receiving needed information for meeting, but presenter should clarify the provided information as doing an informational interview with the person. Research can make the presenter feel more confident in communicating the presentation, and as a result, the presentation will be more powerful. â€Å"The vital elements of the communication process are the source, encoding, the message, the medium, decoding, the receiver, and feedback. An understanding of those components can help you design effective conversation communication programs† (Jacobson, 2009, p. 12). Those components will be handled easily by effective communication skills, which are essential in conducting a successful business meeting. Communication is an art which is not mastered by all so an effective communicator should be taken clearly when sending or receiving the messages. â€Å"Effective communication is one where you are able to send and receive messages in a clear, coherent manner overcoming all the barriers† (Bardia, 2010, p. 29). People listen to what is being said and engage in dialogue. Communication skills include: influencing, negotiation, making an impact, dealing with conflict and dealing difficult people. Business research has identified communication apprehension as a problem for improving communication skills. Aly (2005) states â€Å"communication apprehension as an individual level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons† (p. 98). When a speaker gives a speech in front of a large group of people, seemingly anxiety and fidgeting produce interfering, off-task thoughts and its result is apparent of word jumping or increased rhythm of heart that inhibit skill development. Public speaking is a common source of stress for everyone. Many of us would like to avoid this problem entirely, but this is hard to do. Once there is determination as how to overcome the fear? overcoming the fear can be done by making sure the topic is known, analyzing the audience competently, knowing the speech content well, recognizing value and uniqueness, and focusing on communicating with the audience instead of on the fear. Some other strategies that can ensure the meeting is effective are clarifying, confirming and summarizing. Making sure that the purpose of the meeting is clarified will reduce any chances of the audience misunderstanding the content. By asking the audience questions, or answering their questions, we can confirm that everyone understands. This is true when summarizing is used. By summarizing all the information at the end of the presentation, the presenter is, once again, making sure the information was understood. An effective communication in meetings is not only solely responsible for speaker but also share the burden those who attend the meeting. An active listening communication strategy will help ensure a successful meeting. Urquhart (2004) states â€Å"these four steps to become a more active listener: Hearing, feedback and interpretation, evaluation and response† (p. 3). â€Å"Hearing involves paying attention to what the speaker is saying and being sure it is heard† (Urquhart, 2004). The message will be encoded and understood by showing out the feedback and interpretation. On the way, the feedback will support speaker find out and correct any misunderstanding. The listener may be able to ask the question until the listener is sure that message is encoded and understood accurately. Finally, listener will decide what to do with the information given by the speaker. During a meeting, there is a good chance that two or more members of the group will disagree. That is also to let us to see the matter as others aspects. The disagreement may result in conflict. An effective communicator should know how to deal with conflict. There are five steps to help organizations deal with conflict in a constructive way as follows: 1. Recognizing that the conflict exists. 2. Finding common ground by putting the conflict in the context of the larger goal of the team and the organization. 3. Understanding all the perspectives of the issue, this means that everyone is not required to agree with the opposing views. 4. Attacking the issue and not the members of the team. 5. Developing an action plan that describes how each member of the team will solve the problem or issue. By following above mentioned steps during a meeting, the conflicts will be able to deal with in a opened-mind, cooperative manner. To require an understanding the goal of a meeting or presentation the speaker should be able to understand of what the final outcome and what is trying to reach. By the way to make a successful meeting, presenter should have a worst result of what meeting will be as misunderstanding or responded disagreement. In order to establish that the goals of the meeting have been met, the audience is not only taking an active part but also the presenter must make the audience interested in the topic along with meeting significance of the topic. There are two important questions to support presenter clarifying the goal or objective. First, what do I want my audience to know or do as a result of my speech? Second, how will I know if I am successful? Being clear those questions is the audience’s feedback. Feedback is recognized by immediate behavior change from the audience and asking question to audience also on the way to get feedback. The follow up actions to the presentation or meeting consist of any actions that are to be determined at a later time. Minute and any decisions made at the meeting must be noted and distributed to all parties involved. Delegations of assignments are to be noted and follow up must be carried out. Besides, additional meetings might be necessary if the final outcome is not clear or decisions are not probably made. In conclusion, an effective meeting is determined to conduct by several strategies. Meetings are productive and efficient when we incorporate all of above-mentioned ideal. Careful planning and clear goal or objectives are the key factor as well as choosing the suitable time and right location for the meeting. Being prepared presentation for the meeting is also very important, there is irresponsible if anyone going to a meeting and not being prepared, it may send the wrong message to the others in the meeting. The meeting is unsuccessful if any key factor is missing. Visualizing how the meeting will unfold if the meeting is held in the noise location. Besides, an active listening communication strategy as giving feedback and asking question will help ensure a successful meeting. Getting the audience involved in the meeting will create a more productive meeting. Also, by asking the audience to evaluate and respond to the information provided will allow them to participate in the discussion and make suggestions on ways to find a solution. On the way, focusing goals and working on solutions during the meeting can influence others being interested in the meeting and being more involved. We all know that the anxiety will appear by various points of view when speaking in front of a large group or even a small group and it will reduce when we make confidence by ourselves experiences, communication skills and also well prepared. Communication skills and experience are only cumulative by taking more serious. If you appear nervous or unsure; the audience may lose interest in the topic. The speaker should always be prepared, analyze the audience, and focus on the subject matter. Other strategies that can ensure for an effective meeting are clarifying the topic, confirming that the audience understands the information given, and summarize all the information at the end of the meeting. We have also learned that conflict is part of business meeting to help attendees have a several looking for one matter and by the way supporting to make decisions. Keep in mind, not everyone will agree with what you are saying, therefore; we should try to have an open mind and try to find common ground. Do not attack the other members of the team, because they may not agree with you, simply attack the issue at hand. Conflict isn’t actually good or bad, the way is how we deal with it. Developing an action plan as a team may allow the other members to feel that the problem can be worked out in a respectful, professional manner. Conducting effective business meetings will definitely help to improve productivity at the workplace. Almost meeting will be stressful, but by the way to make everyone involved interestingly that the meetings are well planned, organized, and allow the attendees to discuss possible solutions to solve the problems what they arise. Productive meetings are not only making a unity between groups but also teaching us essential communication skills, cumulate costly experience and how to manage conflict. Finally, during these meetings we practice problem solving, idea sharing and incorporate creativity that will eventually lead to a successful business environment.