The Secrets of Essay Topics on Female Genital Mutitlation Revealed

The Secrets of Essay Topics on Female Genital Mutitlation Revealed Essay Topics on Female Genital Mutitlation - the Story So long as it concerns religion and traditions, everything looks fine with this kind of a surgery. With a suitable strategy, motivation and devotion of time, you will be sure to succeed! The tradition is supposed to have started before the coming of either Christianity or Islam. It is sometimes erroneously referred to as circumcision. To adequately be addressing this type of violence, one needs to be addressing cultural factors that are encouraging violence as part of the masculinity. In traditional patriarchal societies, the use of the man is to offer financially. To the contrary, it's known to be harmful to girls and women in various ways. An outline is an excellent tool to remember what you intend to write about and to steer clear of a fear of getting started. Your regional domestic violence shelter can help you locate an immigration attorney. If you're abused, you don't need to respond to questions about your immigration status. Female immigrants or refugees face several of the exact challenges as other abused ladies. It's possible for you to report a crime no matter your immigration status. Completely free Female Genital Mutilation essay samples are offered on FreeEssayHelp with no payment or registration. Women are becoming harmed. Essays might be lightly modified for readability or to defend the anonymity of contributors, but we don't edit essay examples before publication. Reading example essays works the exact same way! To get started writing your assignment you would want to encounter an interesting and promising topic. Argumentative essay format is dependent on your professor's requirements, since there isn't any typical pattern for every single essay. Every claim ought to be explained in another paragraph. Normally, it takes up to two hours of time to comb through dozens of sites until you discover something exciting to write about. You must be proficient in the topic, have an overall idea about the chosen issue and can get the best arguments to demonstrate your thesis. You might be able to get an attorney at no charge. What Is So Fascinating About Essay Topics on Female Genital Mutitlation? FGC doesn't have any health benefits and can lead to long-term health difficulties. The harshness of female genital mutilation varies in various cultures, it includes the removal of part or all the genital organs clitoris a.. Several health issues are related to FGM based on the process. To begin with, treatment have been develop and implemented utilizing the exact techniques for both women and men. The aim of the transcultural nursing is to be certain that patients receive efficient care that doesn't contradict their cultural beliefs. Medical personnel are normally not involved. The development of dermoid cysts which might bring about abscesses. The procedure doesn't have any health benefits. This procedure doesn't require any anesthetic medicines, making the entire process a horrible experience for young girls. This practice might or might not incorporate the removal of the clitoris.

Prevalence insufficient physical activities - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about thePrevalence of insufficient physical activities Answer: Cardiovascular disorders: Diseases that involve heart and blood vessels are mainly termed as heart or cardiovascular disorders. It includes different types of problems one of which may be atherosclerosis. This occurs when a condition develops where plaques build up in the arteries and narrows the walls of the arteries. It becomes harder for the blood to flow resulting in stroke or attack. Blood clots may also prevent smooth blood blow through the blood vessels and therefore the muscles of the heart which is supplied by this blood begins to die resulting in attack. When a blood vessel serving the brain gets blocked, the cells in that part of the brain shut off affecting in walking, talking and others. This is ischemic attack. Bursting of blood vessels within the brain is called hemorrhagic attack. Sometimes problematic pumping of heart, arrhythmia and heart valve problems also arise. According to data provided by the World Health Organisation, cardiovascular disorders are considered to be one of the leading cause of death at a global level. Annually huge number of people are seen to die from this disorder than ither such disorders. An estimation made by them saw that 17.7 million people have died from the disorder in the year 2015. This accounted for about 31% of the global deaths in the world. Out of these deaths, it was even found out that 7.4 million people died as a result if coronary disorders and 6.7 million people died due to stroke. It was also found that three quarter of the number of deaths mainly was accounted from low and middle income countries (World Health Organization 2017). If one looks over the prevalence rate of the disorder in United Kingdom, it can be seen that the year 2017 witnessed a total of about 602782 deaths due to cardiovascular disorders with more being in women for about 310075 and comparatively lesser in men like about 292707. The highest death rate was found to be among the age cohort of 85+ accounting for about 236970 followed by the age cohort of 75 to 84 which account for about 173603. The death numbers increase from the age of 35 towards 85+ (Bhf.org.uk 2017). Risk factors for cardiovascular disorders can mainly be classified in three categories. The first is the medical conditions which increase the chance of an individual being affected by the disorders. These are the presence of high blood pressure. Besides, high cholesterol and diabetes also are marked as harmful that causes cardiovascular disorders. The second category is the unhealthy behaviours that lead to the disorders. This includes unhealthy diets, physical inactivity as well as obesity (Cdc.gov 2017). Huge amount of alcohol consumption and use of tobacco also expose individuals to this disorder. Besides, researchers are also of the opinion that genetics and family history also play important roles in the disorders. Age, sex as well as race or ethnicity also acts as important factors that determine the cardiovascular disorders occurring among them. The department of health of the United Kingdom had published an important policy namely The Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes Strategy- Improving Outcomes for People with or at Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (Gov.uk, 2017). This was published mainly under the coalition government 2010 to 2015. Another one policy was published in 2015 in the month of June called the Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: Policies for Better Health and Quality of Care by OECD (Oecd.org 2017). A member of Cardio and Vascular Coalition (CVC) which is formed from 40 voluntary organisations working along with the government has provided many important interventions. In order to control unhealthy behaviours they have tried to keep a check on public health regulatory measures and try in restricting the advertisement of high fat, sugar and salt foods to children and others as well as introduction of plain packaging for tobacco products. Moreover CVC has also taken care that when any members are suffering from hea rt disorders, they should be able to access care, care should be present right place and at right time making healthcare centres be more active and providing patients with person-centred care. From the above discussion, it becomes quite clear that cardiovascular disorders are one of the most dreaded disorders in United Kingdom. The government however has tried its best to tackle the issues and have proposed interventions to handle them successfully. Obesity: Obesity can be defined as the physical condition where the person mainly accumulates a huge amount of fat in his body which in turn has negative impacts on health of the individual. Body mass index is actually a statistical measurement which is mainly measured from the weight as well as height of the individuals. When the BMI is below 25, it is said to be normal. When it is between 25 and 29.9, the individual is considered to be overweight and when it is 30 or above, it is considered that the individual is obese. Obesity in turn makes the individual expose to a number of other disorders like cardiovascular diseases, respiratory syndromes, osteoarthritis, diabetes and many others. This makes the life of an obese individual not only difficult but also makes him lead a poor quality life both physically and emotionally. World Health Organisation has updated their fact sheet in the year 2017 in the month of October with recent statistics of the people globally being affected by obesity. WHO is of the opinion that worldwide burden of obesity has nearly become thrice the number which was present in the year 1975. In the year of 2016, it was seen that about 1.9 billion adults above the age of 18 are overweight. Out of them, 650 million people are found to be obese. This states that about 39% of the people globally above the age of 18 are found to be overweight in the year of 2016 with about 13% found to be obese. Researchers are of the opinion that most of the population of the world live in countries where death due to overweight is more than that of death due to being underweight. About 41 million children globally coming under the age of 5 are found to be overweight. About 240 million children living between the ages of 5 to 19 are found either overweight or obese (World Health Organization 2017). If one ponders upon the prevalence in the United Kingdom, it can be seen that in year 2017, one in four British adults are found to be obese which accounts for 24.9% of the population. About 62% of the population are found to be overweight. It is striking to find out that obesity levels in United Kingdom have been tripled in the year last 30 years and at the current rates, experts are of the opinion that there will be 11 million more obese adults in the year 2030. 24 % of the British men and 26% of the British women suffer from obesity which takes the second position in the world. 3 in 10 children aged 2 to 15 are overweight or obese (Drivenbyhealth.co.uk 2017). A large number of risk factors remain associated with this disorder. Consuming too many calories, leading a sedentary lifestyle and not sleeping enough are recognised by researchers to be some. Besides, some foods act as endocrine disruptors affecting lipid metabolism process. There are certain medications which also result in gaining weight. Recent researchers are of the opinion that a gene which they named as obesity gene is also resulting in obesity. It is a faulty gene called FTO which makes 1 in every 6 people overeat making them prefer high energy, fatty foods. A policy paper was released in the name of 2010 to 2015 government policy: obesity and healthy eating which helped by providing actions that needs to be taken and at set up certain objectives to overcome obesity within the year 2020 (Gov.uk 2017). Besides, there is also another policy called the Healthy Lives, Healthy People: A Call to Action on Obesity in England. Another policy that was also introduced by the department of health under the government is the Childhood obesity: a plan for action. It was updated in 2017 in the month of January and mainly concerned around helping childhood obesity to be erased away from United Kingdom (Gov.uk, 2017). Government had taken initiatives to make people more careful and eating and drinking healthily. They had introduced diet and physical activity advice through Change4Life programme. The government is also instructing businesses to conduct their business keeping in mind to make products healthier by cutting down sugar contents and similar ot hers. Innovate UK, also conducted a collaborative research and development called RD competition worth 10 million for research. This was done to stimulate new processes as well as products to increase the presence of healthier food choices for customers and also to open up new markets. Therefore as obesity is becoming a major concern, government is retying their best to reduce the effects of such disorder on population. Individuals should also be responsible and make lifestyle choices that have positive impacts on their health. Smoking: Smoking can be explained as an unhealthy behaviour that turns onto addiction almost in all individuals who consume them. Smoking results in worsening of physiological systems of the body resulting in damage of almost every tissue in the body. It results in occurring of different diseases in the body of the individuals which includes lung cancer. It also exacerbates many other diseases which include diabetes, lung diseases, cancer as well as different cardiovascular disorders. It also causes hypertension, cholesterols become high, blood clots occur and even strokes take place. All these mainly occur because smoking of tobacco exposes the individual to around 4000 chemicals. Many of such chemicals are toxic. Toxins which are found in cigarettes include formaldehyde as well as cyanide. Other harmful substances mainly include formaldehyde as well as cyanide. Smoking exposes individuals to carbon monoxide which lowers the levels of oxygen in the blood (Westerhof et al. 2015). Passive smok ers like those people who are exposed to the smoke also remain exposed to the similar toxins. WHO global reports on trends in tobacco smoking 2000 to 2015 has estimated that smoking tobacco was the main reason for the death of about six million people across the world in each year. This figure also involves the 600000 people who are staitistically found to die from the effects of second hand smoke as well (World Health Organization, 2017). Current data taken in the year 2016 shows that about 15.5 % of adults above the age of 18 practices the habit of smoking which has reduced from the level of 19.9 % from the year 2010. Researchers are also of the opinion that throughout the year of 2015 to 2016, there have been about 474 thousand hospital admissions. They have also stated that the deaths in the same year had been noted around 79 thousands. This actually represents for about 16 percent of all deaths taking place in United Kingdom (Digital.nhs.uk, 2017). Some of the risk factors that accumulate as the causes of development of smoking habits are family attitudes where parents, grandparents, siblings or other broader family member smoke. Besides peer pressure is also another factor. Copycatting smoking behaviours to keep up the cool quotient in popular cultures also make them exposed to learning. Socio-demographic factors, personality traits, availability of tobacco products all make individuals exposed to smoking. Besides, stress also exposes an individual to pick up such habits. Department of health of the United Kingdom has proposed a policy which has been published in the year 2017 which has the title Towards a Smoke free Generation A Tobacco Control Plan for England which had actually proposed a number of action plans for controlling tobacco smoking in England (A Tobacco Control Plan for England (2017-2022) 2017). Another policy is called the Smoking Still Kills which is proposed by Action on Smoking and Health and funded by Cancer Research UK and the British Heart Foundation. This was mainly proposed after the governments five year plan for tobacco control came to an end in the year 2015 (Action on Smoking and Health, 2017). At the national level, the government had taken initiatives to provide training to all healthcare professionals on the topic of smoking cessations mainly including those professionals who work with mental health patients. The government is also reviewing the types and levels of sanctions for tobacco retailers who are breaking laws wh ich are designed to protect young people from developing such habits. Therefore, one should himself or herself develop the confidence to overcome the habits of smoking for personal benefits and can thereby lead proper quality life. Physical inactivity: Physical activity may be defined as the bodily movement which takes place due to the movement of the skeletal muscles along with expenditure of energy. This may include any activities which may be undertaken during playing, working, performing household chores, travelling as well as taking part in recreational pursuits. In order to be physically active, adults should do 150 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity for a week or at least 75 minutes vigorous activities through the week or a combination of both. However such levels are not achieved. Insufficient physical activity has been described by WHO to be one of the leading factors of death worldwide. It is also suggested that it acts a risk factor for different non communicable diseases that involve cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancer. WHO has pointed out the statistics which states that on a global scale, 1 in 4 adults is not active enough (Physical inactivity WHO 2017). It has also stated 80% of the adolescents of the world is insufficiently physically active. One astonishing fact is that the high income countries have double the prevalence when comparison is done with the low income countries fir both the men and women. 41% of men and 48% of women are found to be physically inactive in the high income countries but 18% of men and 21% of women are inactive in the low income countries (Global Health Observatory (GHO) data WHO 2017). Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet in 2017 state that lack of physical inactivity was observed when 58% of women and 68% of men are overweight or obese. There were 525 thousand admissions in NHS hospitals where obesity was recorded to be factors. Physical inactivity is mainly taking place as a result of the sedentary lifestyles people are living nowadays. The recent technologies have made life easier and people get their commodities, food and necessities with simple clicks on their gadgets. Moreover the entertainments nowadays have shifted to indoor gaming, video games, cinemas and others for which people have become lazy or do not require the need to be physically active. It is extremely important for people to conduct physical activities to keep themselves in good health and shape. Department of health of the government of United Kingdom had published a series of policy papers with guidelines for different age cohort which have been found to be extremely helpful to guide people about how to keep themselves in proper shapes (NHS Digital 2017). Governments had advised parents to contribute some structure or formality which would help providing enabling environments within which children would be stimulated to play more constructively. This would help them to generate their own physical active games and plays. With the help of guidelines, governments are also trying adults to develop better lifestyles with proper exercises to keep themselves fit and healthy. A proper lifestyle and physically active life can protect individuals from the grasps of a number of ailments. References: Action on Smoking and Health. 2017.Smoking Still Kills - Action on Smoking and Health. [online] Available at: https://ash.org.uk/information-and-resources/reports-submissions/reports/smoking-still-kills/ [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Bhf.org.uk. 2017.Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2017. [online] Available at: https://www.bhf.org.uk/research/heart-statistics/heart-statistics-publications/cardiovascular-disease-statistics-2017 [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Cdc.gov. 2017.Heart Disease Risk Factors | cdc.gov. [online] Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/risk_factors.htm [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Department of Health 2017 Towards a smoke-free generation: a tobacco control plan for England [E] [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/f ile/629455/Towards_a_Smoke_free_Generation_- _A_Tobacco_Control_Plan_for_England_2017-2022.pdf (Accessed: 18 July 2017) Digital.nhs.uk. 2017.Statistics on Smoking, England - 2017 [PAS]. [online] Available at: https://digital.nhs.uk/catalogue/PUB24228 [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Drivenbyhealth.co.uk. 2017.Uk Obesity Statistics In 2017. [online] Available at: https://www.drivenbyhealth.co.uk/other-news/7738/ [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Gov.uk. 2017.2010 to 2015 government policy: obesity and healthy eating - GOV.UK. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-2015-government-policy-obesity-and-healthy-eating/2010-to-2015-government-policy-obesity-and-healthy-eating [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Gov.uk. 2017.Childhood obesity: a plan for action - GOV.UK. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/childhood-obesity-a-plan-for-action/childhood-obesity-a-plan-for-action [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Gov.uk. 2017.Improving cardiovascular disease outcomes: strategy - GOV.UK. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/improving-cardiovascular-disease-outcomes-strategy [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Gov.uk. 2017.Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet, England 2017 - GOV.UK. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/statistics-on-obesity-physical-activity-and-diet-england-2017 [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Malik, V.S., Willett, W.C. and Hu, F.B., 2013. Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications.Nature Reviews Endocrinology,9(1), pp.13-27. NHS Digital 2017 Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet England 2017 [Online] Available at: https://content.digital.nhs.uk/article/2021/WebsiteSearch?productid=24815q=physical+activitysort=Relevancesize=10p age=1area=both#top (Accessed 8 June 2017) Oecd.org. 2017.Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: Policies for Better Health and Quality of Care. [online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/unitedkingdom/Cardiovascular-Disease-and-Diabetes-Policies-for-Better-Health-and-Quality-of-Care-UK.pdf [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. Westerhof, G., De Groot, C., Amelink, M., De Nijs, S., Weersink, E., Ten Brinke, A. and Bel, E., 2015. Risk factors for frequent exacerbations in (ex) smoking and never-smoking adult-onset asthma patients. Who.int. 2017.WHO | Prevalence of insufficient physical activity. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/physical_activity_text/en/ [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. World Health Organization. 2017.Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/ [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. World Health Organization. 2017.Obesity and overweight. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. World Health Organization. 2017.Physical activity. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs385/en/ [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]. World Health Organization. 2017.WHO global report on trends in tobacco smoking 2000-2025. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/surveillance/reportontrendstobaccosmoking/en/index2.html [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017].

Parkinsons Disease Essays (616 words) - Parkinsons Disease, Medicine

Parkinson's Disease Microbes and Society 03/06/00 Parkinson's Disease Parkinson's disease usually affects people of late middle age. Most run between the age of 50-60. The symptoms of Parkinson's disease are usually subtle and occur gradually. Some examples of symptoms a person may have, are feeling shaky or having trouble getting up from a chair or a couch. Others may notice that their speaking is softer or quieter. They will lose track of a thought or feel irritable or even depressed for no reason. These are early symptoms that may last a long time before the more classic and obvious symptoms appear. For now there is no way to cure or prevent Parkinson's disease from happening., but there has been new research looking at (PET) Position Emission Topography. This will allow scientists to scan the brain, which see chemical change that occurs in the brain. Using PET scientists can study the brain's nerve cells that are affected by disease. IF you are in the major stages of Parkinson's disease the major symptoms are tremors, problems walking, bradykinesia, and rigidity. Rigidity is an increase of stiffness in the muscles. If it is eased by medications, rigidity is always present. It's also responsible for a mask like expression. In some patients it leads to sensations of pain in the arms and shoulders. Secondly, victims with experience bradykinesia, which means slowness of movement. It causes the brains to react slower in its transmission of instructions to parts of the body therefore causing the body to act slowly in carrying them out. Poor balance is often true when victims move abruptly. Some patients experience falls due to poor balance. Last are tremors, they will affect three out of four patients. Tremors may affect only one part or side of the body. For the most part they don't disable people and it disappears during sleep. Some minor symptoms are depression, emotional changes, memory loss, difficulty swallowing, and chewing. At this point there is no cure for Parkinson's disease but there are a wide variety of medications that provide relief for the symptoms. Treatments are determined by how much the symptoms affect the person by a physician. Most of the medications will have to be adjusted to a countable dosage for the patients. In the early stage the physicians begin with one or two less powerful drugs. They saved the most powerful medicines for the time when patients need it the most. One of the most common medicines is Levodopa. Levodopa allows the nerve cells to use it to make dopamine with which the brain can use. It prevents or delays some symptoms in most patients. It also extends the time in which some patients can lead some normal lives. There are some side effects that could happen like nausea, vomiting, low-blood pressure, and restlessness. Symmevel which is used as an anti flu medication but it is also used with Parkinson's patients too. It reduces the symptoms of rigidity. Some other is anthicholinergics, selegiline, and deprehyl. A physician will also strongly suggest that to remain active in the early stages they will tell you to perform daily activities as much as possible. Taking supplements of vitamin E is showed to help somewhat. For the tremors, medication or anything relaxing will sooth them down too. When Parkinson's disease gets in the later stages physicians will help design exercise programs to help meet your specific needs. Last, they will also suggest for you to get a cane or a walker because the patient will be more prone to fall. Bibliography Parkinson's Disease Resource Center http//www.healingwell.com/parkinsons/info.htm Parkinson's Disease Foundation Inc., http://www.parkinsons-foundation.org Discovery Health: Parkinson's diseases, http://www.discoveryhealth.com PlanetR.com Science

Biography Research Paper on Marillyn Hewson essay

Biography Research Paper on Marillyn Hewson essay Biography Research Paper on Marillyn Hewson essay Biography Research Paper on Marillyn Hewson essayMarillyn Hewson is an outstanding and influential business leader, whose experience, skills and knowledge are reflected in successful strategic management practices. Marillyn Hewson is well-known as a business leader, whose major goal is to develop effective strategies aimed at provide advanced technology systems, effective products and services designed for defense, and distributed at local and international levels (Censer, 2012). Marillyn A. Hewson was born in1954, in Junction City, Kansas. Today she is 60, but continues to serve for Lockheed Martin, holding the positions of Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Lockheed Martin. Based on the official data provided by Bloomberg Businessweek (2014), â€Å"Ms. Marillyn A. Hewson has been the Chief Executive Officer and President at Lockheed Martin Corporation since January 1, 2013 and its Chairman since January 1, 2014† (p. 1). According to Forbes, in 2014, she was listed as the 21-st most influential woman in the business world. She is American. Marillyn Hewson states she always believed in her career success, which depends on the individual’s ability to manage his/her own professional growth, being able to take risks, experience failures, but staying open to new and creative ideas. Her father died when she was 9. Her mother had to raise five children herself. Marillyn Hewson says, â€Å"Self-reliance and taking responsibility were traits I had to learn very early in life† (Marillyn Hewson, 2005, p.1). She is married. Her family is not too large. She has two sons, Marillyn and James (25 and 22 years old).Highest educational levelMarillyn Hewson earned her Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration. Later she earned her Master of Arts degree in Economics from the University of Alabama. She also attended some other educational institutions, including Columbia Business School and Harvard Business School in order to achie ve high professionalism in business. She chose the Columbia Business School and Harvard Business School executive development programs, which provided opportunities for successful executive assessment and development. Marillyn Hewson believes that education plays an important role in the life of any individual, who wants to achieve success in business career. Her philosophy is â€Å"Perform at your best on today’s job, go for the experience, and the opportunities will follow† (Marillyn Hewson, 2005). She uses her education and experience to plan investments in new areas, including water purification systems, combating cybercrime, and boosting international growth (Lockheed Martin Corp (LMT: New York), 2014, October 17).III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First jobThe first job of Marillyn Hewson was connected with her degree in Economics. She served as an Economist at the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Her role was concluded in providing the comprehensive s tudy of the production and distribution of   various resources, goods, and services by means of data collection and data analysis,   researching trends, and evaluating the basic economic issues. Marillyn Hewson had an opportunity to work with occupational and career information, dealing with employment and unemployment statistical data and reports, as well as analyzing the proper information on wage, earnings and benefits. Undoubtedly, the professional skills she obtained at her first job contributed to her further success in business career (Marillyn A. Hewson, 2014). In addition, her first job helped her to learn more about what workers do on the job, assess their working conditions and the impact of them on productivity. She realized that training and education are necessary to obtaining high quality specialists. Moreover, she realized that the earnings play an important role in employees’ motivation and performance. In general, her first job influenced her further car eer plans and employment opportunities (Thompson, 2014). Current job title and company Marillyn Hewson entered Lockheed in 1983. She started to work with Lockheed Martin as a Senior Industrial Engineer employed to work on military aircraft in Marietta, Ga. She was involved in a new program that provided massive opportunities for Marillyn Hewson’s advancement. Soon she managed to take on supervisory duties and responsibilities. Today Lockheed Martin is well-known as a global defense company that employs more than 140,000 employees worldwide. The company is headquartered in Bethesda, MD. Marillyn Hewson has developed the proper strategies to assist the company in researching, design practices, development opportunities, manufacturing, integration and sustainment of effective technological systems, products and services. During her 31 years of career with Lockheed Martin, Marillyn Hewson has held different positions, mainly operational leadership positions like â€Å"President of Lockheed Martin Systems Integration; Executive Vice President of Global Sustainment for Lockheed Martin Aeronautics; President and General Manager of Kelly Aviation Center, L.P., an affiliate of Lockheed Martin; and President of Lockheed Martin Logistics Services. She has also served in key corporate executive roles, including Senior Vice President of Corporate Shared Services; Vice President of Global Supply Chain Management; and Vice President of Corporate Internal Audit† (Marillyn Hewson, 2005). Within Lockheed Martin, Marillyn Hewson has earned good reputation for being warm, honest and personable. When she held the position of Chief Executive Officer of the company at the beginning of 2013, she realized that Lockheed Martin, one of the biggest defense companies of the world, had the â€Å"strongest portfolio, the best reputation, and the most promising prospects of any enterprise in the defense business† (Thompson, 2014, p.1). In fact, she became the first woman to run the company, holding the position of Chairman of Lockheed Martin. She succeeded in her professional career due to her innate discipline and self-determination. Today Marillyn Hewson knows that the future success of the company depends on â€Å"keeping shareholders rewarded, customers satisfied, employees engaged and competitors at bay† (Thompson, 2014, p.1).Marillyn Hewson’s charitable interests include the Women’s Legacy. She is focused on promoting the initiatives that provide early childhood care/education, developing the proper strategies aimed at preventing child abuse/ neglect, and providing assistance to women in achieving economic security. The Women’s Legacy’s mission is to honor the lives of women, providing the opportunities to inspire women to live happily.   There are some other charitable interests. She supports charitable donations of her employees. According to recent research, â€Å"Lockheed Martin employees broke throug h their goal of $950,000 and exceeded the $1 million mark in pledges to the charity or charitable agency of their choice through payroll deduction in 2009† (Lockheed Martin Employees Raise More Than $1 Million for Charity, 2008).   In general, the company motivated employees to pledge $1,031,798 to charities. Marillyn Hewson continues to encourage her employees to charitable donations. She says, â€Å"I am proud of our employees’ commitment to strengthening the Southern Tier through their philanthropic contributions and volunteer efforts† (Lockheed Martin Employees Raise More Than $1 Million for Charity, 2008).

Primary and Secondary keywords Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Primary and Secondary keywords - Assignment Example Keywords can be differentiated into two major types according to their importance in a webpage or website. They are Primary keyword and secondary keywords. For well optimization, a good combination of primary and secondary keyword is vital. Google provide us ‘Google Trends’ which is a web based activity. It helps us to find how many times a word has been searched in Google from all over the word approximately. It represents in the form of a graph where the horizontal axis gives time and vertical axis depicts how many times the item is searched. Butters, K. (2013).  What are Primary and Secondary Keywords? [online] Yorkshireseoconsultancy.co.uk. Available at: http://www.yorkshireseoconsultancy.co.uk/what-are-primary-and-secondary-keywords [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014]. Google, (2014).  Google Trends - Web Search interest: digital marketing - Worldwide, 2004 - present. [online] Google.com. Available at: http://www.google.com/trends/explore?q=Digital+marketing#q=Digital%20marketing&cmpt=q [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014]. Hibu, (2013).  What are keywords and why are they important for SEO? [online] Business.hibu.co.uk. Available at: http://business.hibu.co.uk/knowledge/articles/2011/sept/what-are-keywords-and-why-are-they-important-for-seo/ [Accessed 8 Aug.

Re-entry programs Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Re-entry programs - Case Study Example The most successful reductions in recidivism occur in states that have a comprehensive program to meet the needs of individual prisoners before and after they are released. Oregon is held up as the state most successful in reducing recidivism, with a drop of 32% between 1994 and 2004 (The Pew Center on the States). Oregon’s program includes a risk and needs assessment when the prisoner is first incarcerated and a detailed transition plan six months before release. Their program also includes a comprehensive shift among all levels of government so a prisoner is not immediately returned to prison but instead faces graduated sanctions in the community, to include short jail stays as a means of accountability (The Pew Center on the States). Graduated sanctions mean that the ex-prisoner is not immediately returned to prison for a technical violation. One of the most successful programs for incarcerated offenders is cognitive-behavioral treatment. These programs target the predictors of crime as well as anti-social attitudes and values (Hubbard). This treatment works well with the majority of prisoners but is deficient and even harmful to those with low self-esteem or a history of sexual abuse (Id.). However, the benefits of such treatment far outweigh the deficiencies and must be included in the over-arching goal of behavioral change. Current research indicates educational programs are an important tool in reducing both re-offense and technical violations (Brewster). In a study performed in Oklahoma prisons, women benefited the most from educational and vocational-technical training, but men benefitted as well (Id.). Substance abuse treatment and counseling has also proven effective when begun in prison and followed up with after care (American Psychological Association). Research in California prisons showed a three year

The Big Five Inventory Bfi Psychology Essay

The Big Five Inventory Bfi Psychology Essay The present research is aimed at exploring the relationship between the Big Five Personality Factors and Academic Success. The Big Five Inventory, developed by John Benet-Martinez (1998), was administered on 158 students of the first and second year postgraduate (HR and Business Management) programs at XLRI. The participants current CQPI at XLRI and the XII standard percentage marks obtained at school served as the two measures of academic achievement. The results revealed that conscientiousness was significantly and positively associated with XII Standard percentage scores (r = 0.124, p Acknowledgements I am grateful to Dr. M. Srimannarayana for his unparalleled guidance and support which was a major motivation behind my doing this dissertation. I thank the participants of this study for having filled up the forms and for having shared their experiences with me for this project, without which I would have been unable to go anywhere with my analysis. I would also like to thank my classmates who helped me in many instances with valuable inputs regarding various concepts and issues. Table of Contents Introduction Two traditional indicators define academic performance grades and highest level of educational attainment. Academic achievement is affected by an interplay of cognitive abilities and personality traits, both of which are involved in the determination of the direction and intensity of intellectual investments. Previous studies undertaken to examine the predictors of academic success have focussed largely on intellectual ability. Anastasi (1954) noted declining correlations between IQ scores and academic performance with increasing levels of educational attainment. Specifically, the correlations between the two constructs declined from r = .70 in elementary school to r = .50 in secondary school and to r = .40 in college (Chamorro-Premuzic Furnham, 2005). Within postsecondary education itself, there is a declining correlation between ability tests and other measures of intelligence with increasing years at school. This pattern repeats itself at the post-graduation level abilities have the highest predictive validity at the commencement of a students university or postgraduate experience, and then subsequently decline in magnitude (Humphreys, 1968; Humphreys Taber, 1973). These results indicate that individual differences in academic performance due to cognitive ability disappear with increasing years of education, even after clearing successive hurdles to admission. Hence, it appears that non-ability factors (i.e., personality, self-efficacy, and motivational variables) become more important in distinguishing between better and worse students when the students are pre-selected by past academic performance or intellectual ability (Chamorro-Premuzic Furnham, 2006). Recent studies provide evidence in support of the measures of personality dimensions as possible predictors of academic achievement (e.g., Duckworth Seligman, 2005). Martin et al. (2006) found that personality characteristics have a major impact on performance at the undergraduate level across all 4 years of coursework. This impact was observed over and above the effects resulting from high school academic performance and intellectual ability (i.e., achievement test scores). Chamorro-Premuzic and Furnham (2003) studied the linkages between personality traits and academic performance using two longitudinal samples of British university students. They found that personality scores measured during the first week of the academic year were significantly related to final exam results and programme work that were assessed three years later. Further, the predictive power of personality traits accounted for another 10-17% variance in academic performance when it was related to both academic behaviours (like attendance and class involvement) and teachers predictions. In another study, Furnham et al. (2003) found that personality traits accounted for about one-fifth of variance in exam marks and one-third of variance in essay grades over a 2-year period. McLaughlin, Moutray Muldoon (2007) examined the impact of personality in predicting academic performance among nursing students. They administered the Eysencks personality questionnaire (EPQ-R) on 384 nursing students in their first year of study. The results of the EPQ-R were then analysed along with the final marks obtained at the end of the program. They found that students with high scores on psychoticism were more likely to withdraw from the program. Extraversion was also seen to negatively impact academic performance those scoring high on extraversion were more likely to achieve lower marks. In another study, Bisping Patron (2008) also found personality type as a significant determinant in academic success. They used the MBTI to study the impact of personality type in an introductory general business course designed to incorporate knowledge from various business disciplines. Caspi, Roberts, and Shiner (2005) argued for a causal relationship between personality traits and academic performance. They postulated that personality traits and academic performance might be causally related if achievement criteria and personality dimensions overlap. In other words, the causal relationship will arise when a certain behaviour indexing a certain personality trait is also a part of successful performance. For instance, exerting effort as a behaviour (relevant to conscientiousness) is likely to be important for securing high grades in school (Rothstein, Paunonen, Rush, King, 1994), thereby indicating the existence of a causal relationship. Given the wide variety of personality measures available and the subsequent difficulty of making generalisations across studies, there is considerable debate regarding which personality traits are associated with superior academic performance. Nevertheless, the majority of research examining the importance of personality in academic performance has used the Big Five Model of Personality (Costa McCrae, 1992). For example, Tok and Morali (2009) examined the predictive ability of the Big Five personality factors on academic success for a total of 295 physical education (PE) teacher candidates. They found that academic success as GPA was positively related to Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness and negatively associated with Neuroticism. In a meta-anlysis by O Connor and Paunonen (2007), conscientiousness (r = .24), extraversion (r = -.05) and openness (r = .06) were identified as the most consistent predictors of academic achievement. In another study, Mervielde (1994) and Mer vielde, Buyst, and De Fruyt (1995) examined teacher ratings of different age groups (from 4-12 years). They found that both Openness and Conscientiousness showed significant association with academic performance. Barbaranelli, Caprara, Rabasca, and Pastorelli (2003) also found these two traits as the most important personality correlates of academic success across different informants (self, teacher, and parent). Each of the five factors Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, Extraversion, and Neuroticism have been discussed below with regards to their impact on academic performance. Conscientiousness Conscientiousness is associated with the will to achieve, self-control, determination, purposefulness, and dependability. Chamorro-Premuzic Furnham (2004), and Moutafi, Furnham, Crump (2003) report a negative relationship between IQ and conscientiousness. Nevertheless, it appears that conscientiousness, as a personality construct, most strongly correlates with academic achievement in both undergraduate and graduate settings (Busato, Prins, Elshout, Hamaker, 2000; Noftle Robins, 2007). Noftle and Robins (2007) used multiple personality inventories across four independent samples of more than 10,000 participants. They found conscientiousness to be the strongest predictor of both high school and college GPA. Chamorro-Premuzic, Furnham, and Ackerman (2006) found conscientiousness to be a good predictor of academic success (r = .19 to .31) on multiple measures including exams, continuous assessment (presentations), and written essays over a three year period. Lievens, Coetsier, De Fruyt and De Maeseneer (2002) found conscientiousness to be a significant predictor of academic performance among medical students in each of their three preclinical years. Further, successful students differed from the unsuccessful ones on the subconstructs of dutifulness, achievement orientation, and self-discipline. Conscientiousness is associated with sustained efforts and goal setting activities (Barrick, Mount, Strauss, 1993), both of which are said to contribute to scholastic achievement (Steel, 2007). It is also related to compliance and attention to home assignments (Trautwein, Ludtke, Schnyder, Niggli, 2006), to time management and to regulation of effort in learning activities (Bidjerano Dai, 2007). This attests the relationship of conscientiousness to academic performance, class attendance, and final grades (Conard, 2006). MacCann, Duckworth, Roberts (2009) found that each facet of conscientiousness (e.g., diligence, dependability, self-discipline, prudence, competence, dutifulness, order, and achievement striving) contributed to higher performance in academic settings, attainment of scholastic success, and lower disciplinary infractions. The facets also independently predicted Grade Point Average (Chamorro-Premuzic Furnham, 2003; Furnham et al., 2003; Martin et al., 2006), motivat ion (Komarraju Karau, 2005), effective learning styles (Duff et al., 2004), and academic aspirations (Rottinghaus, Lindley, Green, Borgen, 2002). Finally, Chamorro-Premuzic and Furnham (2003, 2006) argue that in competitive settings, conscientiousness may play a compensatory role for lower cognitive ability and consequently promote higher academic achievement. Thus, the conscientious person who works hard, completes tasks, and strives to succeed is more likely to be motivated to perform well. This would help him in achieving higher academic success (Furnham Monsen, 2009). Openness to Experience Openness to Experience is characterised by receptiveness to new ideas, preference for varied sensations, attentiveness to inner feelings, and intellectual curiosity. Evidence supporting the relationship between Openness to Experience and scholastic success is mixed. Some studies report a positive relationship between Openness and academic performance (e.g., DeFruyt Mervielde, 1996; Farsides Woodfield, 2003), effective learning style, and higher academic aspirations (Rottinghaus et al., 2002). However, other studies do not support such a relationship (e.g., Busato et al., 2000; Chamorro-Premuzic Furnham, 2003). Openness has been positively related to final school grades and to strategies involving critical thinking (Bidjerano Dai, 2007; Komarraju Karau, 2005), and motivation to learn (Tempelaar, Gijselaers, Schim Van Der Loeff, Nijhuis, 2007). Chamorro-Premuzic and Furnham (2003) found openness to be positively related to intelligence and intellectual curiosity. Chamorro-Premuzic and Furnhams (2008) confirm a positive relationship between the openness and academic achievement. They argue that open individuals are more likely to engage in activities that stimulate the acquisition of knowledge and learning experiences. Caprara et al. (2010) found that openness along with academic self-ef ¬Ã‚ cacy contributed to junior high-school grades, after controlling for socio-economic status (SES). Graziano et al. (1997) assessed the Big Five self-reports of 5th to 8th graders. They found Openness positively related with both, self-reports and teacher ratings of academic adjustment. However, OConnor and Paunonen (2007) reported in a review a very low correlation (r = .06) between openness and academic achievement. They rejected the idea of an overall interaction between the two variables. Neuroticism Neuroticism is the degree to which a person experiences negative emotions that are associated with irrational beliefs (Ellis, 1994), weak impulse control, and difficulty coping with stress. A number of studies report a negative correlation between neuroticism and academic performance (Chamorro-Premuzic Furnham, 2003; Ridgell Lounsbury, 2004), thereby indicating that academic performance tends to be higher in the case of emotionally stable students than neurotic students, who may experience higher levels of anxiety during stressful situations (OConnor Paunonen, 2007). However, results of meta-analyses examining the relationship between neuroticism and academic achievement remain inconclusive (OConnor Paunonen, 2007; Trapmann et al., 2007). Such studies suggest that neuroticism may not be a strong predictor of individual differences in academic achievement in general. Agreeableness Agreeableness may be defined as the disposition of a person toward nurturance, altruism, trust, and a willingness to help others. Studies examining the relationship between agreeableness and academic achievement have produced differing results. Gray and Watson (2002) and Farsides and Woodfield (2003) found agreeableness to be positively associated to GPA (r = .15 and r = .14 respectively). Deary et al. (2003), using the Big Five Inventory found that those who failed to complete the program scored lower on agreeableness. However, in other studies (Conard, 2006; Duff, Boyle, Dunleavy, Ferguson 2004) researchers failed to find such a significant association between the two variables. Thus, agreeableness may not be that important a determinant of academic performance. Extraversion Extraversion is the degree to which individuals are sociable, preferring large groups and gatherings. Extroverts demonstrate a tendency to be cheerful, assertive and active. Although a positive relationship exists between IQ and Extraversion, Extraversion has been found in several studies (Busato, Prins, Elshout, Hamaker, 2000; Chamorro-Premuzic Furnham, 2004; Furnham, Chamorro-Premuzic McDougall, 2003) to be negatively associated with academic success. Early studies, in particular, indicated that introverts performed better than extroverts, suggesting that the former were better at revision and possessed a higher ability to learn (Entwistle Entwistle, 1970). More recently, Sanchez-Marin et al. (2001) found that extraverts failed their programs more frequently than introverts, again suggesting that this was to do with their distractibility, sociability, and impulsiveness. However, Furnham et al. (1998) found that extroverts performed significantly better than introverts on a meas ure of logical reasoning. Chamorro-Premuzic and Furnham (2003) state that it is difficult to find a consistent relationship between intelligence and extraversion. Overall, extraversion supports academic achievement in some studies and hinders it in others. It must be noted that several variables like age, educational level, gender and assessment method may moderate the relationship between the two variables. In light of the preceding research, today it is more important than ever to determine the personality factors influencing academic success among college students, given the increasing levels of early withdrawal from college and their declining levels of academic performance (Tok Morali, 2009). While a considerable amount of research has been undertaken to establish the relationship between personality factors and academic achievement, there is a virtual gap in study in this area in India. Thus, the present study extends the earlier literature on personality-academic achievement relationship by studying the linkage between the two variables among B-school students in India. Hypothesis Based on the results of the previous research, I hypothesise that Conscientiousness as a personality variable would have the strongest impact on academic achievement. Method Participants Data was collected from 158 respondents studying in the postgraduate program at XLRI. Convenience sampling technique was used to identify the respondents. The sample size comprised of a mix of participants belonging to the first year and second year HR and Business Management (BM) programs offered by the Institute. Specifically, 81 respondents (51.26%) were studying in the HR program and the remaining 77 participants (48.73%) belonged to the BM batch at XLRI. Out of these, 108 participants (68.35%) were in the second year and the rest 50 (31.64%) were studying in the first year. All the respondents were between the age group of 21-32 years. There were a total of 112 male respondents (70.88%). 46 female respondents (29.11%) comprised the rest of the sample. Measures Personality Measure: The Big Five Inventory (BFI) developed by John Benet-Martinez (1998) was used to measure the five personality dimensions of Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. The participants were asked to respond to 44 items on a 5 point Likert Scale with a score of 1 indicating strongly disagree and a score of 5 indicating strongly agree. Out of the 44 statements, eight items each measure Extraversion and Neuroticism; nine items each measure Agreeableness and Conscientiousness and ten items measure Openness to Experience. Sixteen items in all are reverse scored. John Srivastava (1999) report the reliability coefficient of the BFI to be 0.83. The convergent validity for the instrument ranged from 0.73 to 0.81. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded a validity coefficient of 0.92 for the instrument. (See appendix: Big Five Questionnaire) Academic Achievement: The participants Cumulative Quality Points Index (CQPI) at XLRI at the time of the research study was used as a measure of academic achievement. The maximum CQPI that can be obtained by a student is 8.00. The CQPI, as a measure, was coupled with the percentage of marks obtained in the XII standard in school. Information on both these measures was obtained from the participants self-reports. Data Analysis Responses obtained from the participants were first recoded to take into account the negatively worded items. Thereafter, the scores on the five dimensions of the BFI were computed for each participant by summating the responses of the assigned items. In order to explore the relationship between personality factors and academic success, the Pearsons Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was calculated between the Big Five Dimensions and the two measures of academic achievement, namely XLRI CQPI and XII standard percentage scored. Results The results indicate that Conscientiousness was significantly and positively associated with XII Standard percentage scores (r = 0.124, p No significant correlation was found between other personality factors and the measures of academic achievement. Table I: Correlation Coefficients between the Big Five Dimensions Measures of Academic Achievement Big Five Dimension XII Percentage XLRI CQPI Extraversion 0.095 0.025 Agreeableness -0.051 -0.047 Conscientiousness 0.124* 0.248** Neuroticism 0.077 0.164* Openness to Experience 0.012 0.058 where ** indicates p Discussion The findings of the study revealed that when compared to other personality dimensions, Conscientiousness had the strongest influence on academic success, both at the XII board level and at the post-graduation level. Thus, the hypothesis was accepted. More specifically, conscientiousness was significantly and positively associated with XII Standard percentage scores (r = 0.124, p Neuroticism was also found to be significantly and positively related to CQPI at XLRI (r = 0.164, p Further the high structure academic environment prevalent at XLRI may also facilitate a comparatively better performance for students who are high on neuroticism (as is indicated by positive correlation obtained between the two variables in the present study). It has been argued that neuroticism has a more substantial influence on academic performance under high pressure situations. This may be because the presence of evaluation apprehension may trigger a variety of cognitive and affective reactions among individuals with high levels of anxiety. In fact, under low levels of situational pressure these individuals might experience less anxiety and stress, thereby performing better or at a level similar to individuals with low levels of Neuroticism. The evaluation system at XLRI is such that it emphasizes round the year academic performance rather than evaluation being restricted to a single examination, as is the case with the XII board exams. Further at XLRI, aside from the quizzes an d end term examination (which are individual evaluation components), a major focus is on evaluation of group projects and assignments. These further reduce the stress and anxiety levels for students and make the environment a low press situation. This may explain for the significant positive association observed between Neuroticism and academic performance at XLRI. Finally, no significant correlation was found between the personality factors of Extraversion, Openness to Experience, and Agreeableness with the measures of academic achievement. Research evidence regarding the association of these personality dimensions with academic success is mixed and there are numerous studies that report no relationship of academic success with Extraversion (e.g., Hair Hampson, 2006; Furnham, Chamorro-Premuzic, 2004; Phillips et al., 2003, etc), Openness to Experience (e.g., Busato et al., 2000; Chamorro-Premuzic Furnham, 2003) and Agreeableness (e.g., Conard, 2006; Duff, Boyle, Dunleavy, Ferguson, 2004). The results of these studies are in line with the current results. Implications Overall, the results of our study, along with those of previous studies, clearly demonstrate the useful nature of Conscientiousness in predicting the academic success among college students. This information may be beneficial to college admissions committees armed with the mission to reduce the increasing levels of early withdrawal from college and academic failure. However, the problem of accurate measurement of the personality constructs leaves the admission committees wide open to the challenges of self-report scales. These self-rating measures may be highly prone to the effects of impression management, given the high stakes nature of admissions to graduate school. One suggestion is to apply other data collection methods that may approximate the personality constructs sought here. For example, Trapmann and colleagues (2007) suggested that structured interviews may be used to assess the personality trait of Conscientiousness and its associated components. Here also concerns regard ing impression management remain, despite the fact that interviews form a substantial component of selection process for a majority of graduate schools. Another suggestion is to request ratings about the student from knowledgeable informants that could be used to assess particular personality traits (Wolfe Johnson, 1995). However, admissions committees may find locating willing and unbiased informants a huge challenge. Those who provide letters of recommendation could be asked to address particular student characteristics. The idea is to gather as much information as possible about a students non-ability traits to guide admission related decisions. Limitations Directions for Future Research The first limitation of the present study concerns the investigated sample. The participants were students of the postgraduate management program at XLRI. Since, the participants had already been pre-selected by ability and intelligence; it may have resulted in a narrow distribution of the students characteristics. Future studies can focus on samples from multiple backgrounds with a wider distribution in abilities. Another limitation of this study is that it focuses exclusively on grades as a measure of academic performance. Grades represent only one measure of performance that people exhibit in the context of education. In the classroom there are several behaviours that may be more highly related to personality, such as the frequency of asking questions or seeking help (Pintrich, Smith, Garcia, McKeachie, 1993), or even showing up for classes when the attendance is not taken. Investigating the effects of personality on these and other data sources may reveal that personality plays a much larger role in student behaviours, than the sole examination of grades and level of educational attainment would reveal. It is suggested that future research can focus on examining homework and other study-related behaviours discussed above. Because they occur in a relatively unstructured environment, it appears that they would be more likely to capture the influence of non-ability traits rather than just in- class assignments or grades.